Table 2 Binary logistic regression of determinants of CoI among Older adults (60 and above) India, 2017–18

Demographic Factors

 Gender

  Male (ref)

  Female

1.88***

1.70

2.09

 Age (in years)

  60–69 (ref)

  70–79

1.75***

1.60

1.91

  80 + years

3.98***

3.57

4.45

 Marital Status

  Currently-in-union (ref)

  Currently-not-in-union

1.09

0.71

1.69

 Social groups

  SC

1.21**

1.06

1.37

  ST

2.65***

2.32

3.03

  OBC

1.06

0.95

1.19

  None of them (ref)

 Religion

  Hindu (ref)

  Others

1.06

0.96

1.16

 Place of Residence

  Rural (ref)

  Urban

0.64***

0.58

0.70

 Region

  North (ref)

  West

1.54***

1.34

1.77

  East

0.99

0.87

1.13

  South

0.91

0.80

1.03

  Central

0.74***

0.65

0.86

  North East

0.96

0.82

1.13

Health Factors

 Self-rated health

  Good (ref)

  Moderate

1.13*

1.02

1.24

  Poor

1.62***

1.45

1.80

 Depression

  No (ref)

  Yes

1.32***

1.2

1.43

 Difficulty in ADL

  No (ref)

  1 + ADL difficulties

1.44***

1.31

1.58

 Difficulty in IADL

  No (ref)

  1 + IADL difficulties

1.30***

1.19

1.42

 Alcohol Consumption

  Yes (ref)

  No

0.90

0.80

1.02

 Smoking

  Yes (ref)

  No

0.98

0.90

1.07

Socio-Economic Status

 Years of schooling

  No schooling (ref)

16.47***

11.31

23.97

  Up to 9 years

3.94***

2.69

5.78

  10 and more years

 MPCE Quintile

  Poorest (ref)

  Poorer

0.88*

0.79

0.98

  Middle

0.76***

0.67

0.85

  Richer

0.64***

0.56

0.72

  Richest

0.61***

0.54

0.70

Social Support

 Financial Support

  Yes

0.69***

0.62

0.77

  No (ref)

 Living arrangements

  Living alone (ref)

  Living with spouse and/or others

0.84

0.53

1.33

  Living with spouse and children

0.77

0.49

1.22

  Living with children and others

1.04

0.89

1.21

  Living with others only

1.14

0.94

1.39

Constant

0.09***

0.06

0.15

Log-likelihood

-8937.93

Prob > chi2

0.000