Table 1 Percentage of older adults (60 and above years) with CoI by background characteristics, India, 2017–18

Demographic Factors

 Gender

  Male

10.02

14,931

< 0.001

  Female

21.76

16,533

 Age (in years)

  60–69

10.66

18,410

< 0.001

  70–79

19.42

9501

  80 + years

36.22

3553

 Marital Status

  Currently-in-union

11.23

19,391

< 0.001

  Currently-not-in-union

24.16

12,073

 Social groups

  SC

18.89

5906

< 0.001

  ST

30.51

2537

  OBC

14.53

14,129

  None of Them

12.29

7844

 Religion

  Hindu

15.34

25,870

< 0.001

  Others

20.1

5593

Place of Residence

  Rural

18.2

22,196

< 0.001

  Urban

11.38

9268

 Region

  North

14.79

3960

< 0.001

  West

17.58

5401

  East

17.31

7439

  South

15.47

7136

  Central

14.92

6593

  North East

19.58

935

Health Factors

 BMI

  Underweight

11.73

11,222

 < 0.001

  Normal Weight

5.73

10,616

  Overweight or Obese

3.24

6212

 Self-rated health

  Good

9.47

9449

 < 0.001

  Moderate

13.12

13,892

  Poor

21.13

7457

 Depression

  No

11.44

21,211

< 0.001

  Yes

18.52

9178

 Difficulty in ADL

 No

12.51

24,042

< 0.001

  1 + ADL difficulties

28.11

7422

 Difficulty in IADL

  No

10.13

16,370

< 0.001

  1 + IADL difficulties

22.76

15,094

 Alcohol Consumption

  Yes

12.41

4555

< 0.001

  No

15.85

26,655

 Smoking

  Yes

14.53

12,539

P = 0.037

  No

15.89

18,665

Socio-Economic Status

 Years of schooling

  No schooling

24.35

17,783

< 0.001

  Up to 9 years

5.89

9209

  10 and more years

4.96

4472

 Working status

  Currently working

9.34

9483

< 0.001

  Currently Not working

19.02

13,197

 MPCE quintile

  Poorest

20.93

6829

< 0.001

  Poorer

18.27

6831

  Middle

15.18

6590

  Richer

13.19

6038

  Richest

11.97

5175

Social Support

 Financial Support

  Yes

15.29

4713

P = 0.075

  No

15.19

26,266

 Living arrangements

  Living alone

22.15

1787

< 0.001

  Living with spouse and/or others

15.07

6397

  Living with spouse and children

9.07

12,779

  Living with children and others

23.55

8696

  Living with others only

29.2

1805

Total

15.61

31,464