Table 3 Impact of visual impairment on older people with dementia and their carers (Quantitative study)
Study and Year | Study type | Type of impact | Reference group | Comparison group(s) | Effect measure | Size of effect | Confidence interval/ P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Impact on older people with dementia and VI | |||||||
Bennett, 2018 [16] | Cohort | Inpatient visit | VI and no dementia | VI and dementia | OR | 3.5 (CFA I) | 1.1–11.5 |
1.7 (CFA II) | 0.8–3.2 | ||||||
Care workers’ service | VI and no dementia | VI and dementia | OR | 5.8 (CFA I) | 1.8–19.2 | ||
6.4 (CFA II) | 2.6–15.5 | ||||||
Home care assistance | VI and no dementia | VI and dementia | OR | 4.4 (CFA I) | 1.3–15.0 | ||
3.4 (CFA II) | 1.3–8.5 | ||||||
Bowen, 2016 [17] | Cross-sectional | Activity of Daily Living impairment: Toilet/commode | No VI or dementia | VI and dementia | OR | 2.19 (VA < 6/12) | 1.35–3.53 |
1.28 (VA < 6/18) | 0.71–2.28 | ||||||
Eating | No VI or dementia | VI and dementia | OR | 1.75 (VA < 6/12) | 1.06–2.90 | ||
1.96 (VA < 6/18) | 1.03–3.82 | ||||||
Dressing | No VI or dementia | VI and dementia | OR | 1.66 (VA < 6/12) | 1.11–2.49 | ||
1.2 (VA < 6/18) | 0.71–2.00 | ||||||
Hygiene | No VI or dementia | VI and dementia | OR | 1.70 (VA < 6/12) | 1.13–2.54 | ||
1.46 (VA < 6/18) | 0.86–2.45 | ||||||
Teeth | No VI or dementia | VI and dementia | OR | 1.86 (VA < 6/12) | 1.22–2.84 | ||
1.70 (VA < 6/18) | 0.99–2.9 | ||||||
Telephone | No VI or dementia | VI and dementia | OR | 1.89 (VA < 6/12) | 1.26–2.85 | ||
2.08 (VA < 6/18) | 1.22–3.56 | ||||||
Shopping | No VI or dementia | VI and dementia | OR | 1.63 (VA < 6/12) | 1.03–2.61 | ||
1.94 (VA < 6/18) | 1.07–3.54 | ||||||
Finances | No VI or dementia | VI and dementia | OR | 1.7 (VA < 6/12) | 1.09–2.66 | ||
1.87 (VA < 6/18) | 1.06–3.30 | ||||||
Transport | No VI or dementia | VI and dementia | OR | 1.91 (VA < 6/12) | 1.14–3.24 | ||
2.55 (VA < 6/18) | 1.29–5.08 | ||||||
Deardorff, 2019 [23] | Cohort | Inpatient Admission | Dementia alone | Dementia + VI | OR | 1.82 | 1.17–2.82 |
Dementia alone | Dementia +HI | OR | 1.03 | 0.80–1.52 | |||
Dementia alone | Dementia + VI + HI | OR | 1.39 | 0.96–2.01 | |||
Hospice Use | Dementia alone | Dementia + VI | OR | 1.18 | 0.50–2.76 | ||
Dementia alone | Dementia +HI | OR | 1.39 | 0.65–3.01 | |||
Dementia alone | Dementia + VI + HI | OR | 2.11 | 1.05–4.21 | |||
Average Annual Total Healthcare Cost | Dementia alone | Dementia + VI alone | MD | 10,466 (REF) 11,671 (Comparison group) | 4600–23,812 9524–14,233 (P = 0.282) | ||
Dementia alone | Dementia + VI + HI | MD | 10,466 (REF) 11,303 (Comparison group) | 4600–23,812 9524–13,291 (P = 0.395) | |||
Average Annual Medicare Fee-for-Service Cost | Dementia alone | Dementia + VI alone | MD | 3338 (REF) 3872 (Comparison group) | 851–13,097 2804–5374 (P = 0.364) | ||
Dementia alone | Dementia + VI + HI | MD | 3338 (REF) 3505 (Comparison group) | 851–13,097 2637–4606 (P = 0.737) | |||
Kang, 2012 [28] | Cross-sectional | Social engagement | Dementia alone | Dementia + VI | Beta coefficient | β = −0.167 | P = 0.039a |
Kiely, 2018 [29] | Cross-sectional analysis of longitudinal cohort study | NPI symptoms | No VI or dementia | Dementia alone | IRR | 1.63 | 0.73–3.63 |
Dementia + VI | IRR | 7.08 | 1.41–35.43 | ||||
Dementia + Dual sensory loss | IRR | 6.09 | 1.43–26.02 | ||||
Patel, 2019 [38] | Cross-sectional | Activity Limitations | No VI or dementia | Possible dementia + VI | Predicted number of activity limitations: | 1.97 | 01.72–2.21 |
Probable dementia + VI | Predicted number of activity limitations: | 2.28 | 2.03–2.53 | ||||
Prince, 2011 [40] | Cross-sectional | Disability | Dementia alone | Dementia + VI | MD (WHODAS 2.0 scores) | Latin America: 6.5 | + 3.3 to+ 0.6 |
China: −1.7 | −12.5 to+ 9.12 | ||||||
India + 12.3 | + 5.4 to + 19.3 | ||||||
Impact on carers | |||||||
Varadaraj, 2020 [43] | Cross-sectional | Impact on valued activities | |||||
Visiting friends and family | Dementia + VI | No VI or dementia | Percentage | Reference: 36.5% Comparison: 12.6% | P < 0.001 | ||
Going out for enjoyment | Dementia + VI | No VI or dementia | Percentage | Reference: 31.3% Comparison: 7.3% | P < 0.001 | ||
Attending religious services | Dementia + VI | No VI or dementia | Percentage | Reference: 14.5% Comparison: 5.4% | P < 0.001 | ||
Participating in club meetings or group activities | Dementia + VI | No VI or dementia | Percentage | Reference: 15.3% Comparison: 5.2% | P < 0.001 | ||
Supportive services directed to carers | |||||||
Respite care | Dementia + VI | No VI or dementia | Percentage | Reference: 18.6% Comparison: 7.2% | P < 0.001 | ||
Use of ≥1 supportive care | Dementia + VI | No VI or dementia | Percentage | Reference: 29.5% Comparison: 13.1% | P < 0.001 | ||
Caregiving hours per month | Dementia + VI | No VI or dementia | IRR | 1.7 | 1.4–2.2 | ||
Number of valued activities affected due to providing care | Dementia + VI | No VI or dementia | IRR | 3.2 | 2.2–4.6 | ||