Table 1 Characteristics of participants according to sex (N = 3713)

Age(years), mean (SD)

61.9(8.0)

63.5(8.1)

61.0(7.8)

 < 0.001

< 60y, n (%)

1528(41.2)

441(32.6)

1087(46.0)

 < 0.001

 ≥ 60y, n (%)

2185(58.8)

910(67.4)

1275(54)

Ethnicity, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Han

1628(43.8)

538(39.8)

1090(46.1)

 Qiang

936(25.2)

329(24.4)

607(25.7)

 Tibetan

931(25.1)

403(29.8)

528(22.4)

 Others

218(5.9)

81(6.0)

137(5.8)

Education, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Illiterate

1068(28.8)

219(16.2)

849(35.9)

 Elementary

1274(34.3)

532(39.4)

742(31.4)

 Middle

832(22.4)

326(24.1)

506(21.4)

 High and above

539(14.5)

274(20.3)

265(11.2)

Marital status, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Married

3184(84.7)

1229(91.0)

1921(81.3)

 Single/divorced/widowed

575(15.3)

122(9.0)

441(18.7)

Smoking history, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Yes

657(17.7)

609(45.1)

48(2.0)

 No

3056(82.3)

742(54.9)

2314(98.0)

Chronic diseases, n (%)

 Hypertention

930(25.1)

349(25.8)

581(24.6)

0.40

 COPD

113(3.0)

16(1.2)

18(0.8)

0.19

 Coronary heart disease

34(0.9)

47(3.5)

66(2.8)

0.24

 Diabetes

264(7.1)

113(8.4)

151(6.4)

0.025

 Arthritis

330(8.9)

102(7.5)

228(9.7)

0.030

 Stroke

63(1.7)

27(2.0)

36(1.5)

0.28

 Tumor

26(0.7)

4(0.3)

22(0.9)

0.026

Nutrition status, n (%)

0.074

 Normal

3015(81.2)

1106(81.9)

1909(80.8)

 Risk of malnutrition

680(18.3)

243(18.0)

437(18.5)

 Malnutrition

18(0.5)

2(0.1)

16(0.7)

ADL disability, n (%)

351(9.5)

128(9.5)

223(9.4)

0.97

Vitamin D (ng/ml), mean (SD)

19.2(6.3)

21.4(6.5)

18.0(5.8)

 < 0.001

Vitamin D status, n (%)

 < 0.001

  < 20 ng/ml

2203(59.3)

609(45.1)

1594(67.5)

  ≥ 20 ng/ml

1510(40.7)

742(54.9)

768(32.5)

PA levels, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Moderate to high

3053(82.2)

1041(77.1)

2012(85.2)

 Low

660(17.8)

310(22.9)

350(14.8)

Sarcopenia and Obesity, n (%)

 < 0.001

 N

1665(44.8)

583(43.2)

1082(45.8)

 O

1404(37.8)

485(35.9)

919(38.9)

 S

467(12.6)

190(14.1)

277(11.7)

 SO

177(4.8)

93(6.9)

84(3.6)