Table 1 Characteristics of study participants

Age at screening

73.14 (9.59)

63.90 (9.32)

0.227

Body mass index (kg/m²)

27.89 (4.70)

28.79 (5.58)

0.421

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.92 (0.67)

0.88 (0.50)

0.001

Glucose (mg/dL)

107.81 (43.25)

102.39 (36.39)

0.001

C-reactive protein (mg/dL)

0.57 (0.98)

0.46 (0.75)

0.008

Albumin(g/dL)

4.22 (0.31)

4.31 (0.28)

0.211

Total Calcium (mg/dL)

9.47 (0.44)

9.43 (0.40)

0.178

Magnesium (mg/dL)

235.97 (112.61)

276.06 (142.04)

< 0.001

Carbohydrate (gm)

210.63 (94.13)

239.32 (114.20)

0.002

Total fat (gm)

61.79 (31.69)

72.23 (43.07)

< 0.001

Protein (gm)

64.26 (28.22)

74.22 (37.50)

< 0.001

Dietary fiber (gm)

14.16 (8.09)

16.78 (10.76)

< 0.001

Comorbidity

0.92 (0.99)

0.60 (0.89)

0883

Gender (male)

34.1%

54.9%

< 0.001

 Mexican American

15.1%

19.2%

0.280

 Other Hispanic

4.4%

4.2%

 Non-Hispanic White

63.1%

59.8%

 Non-Hispanic Black

14.1%

14.6%

Smoking

52.1%

43.5%

0.008

Drinking

53.5%

67.6%

< 0.001

Education level past high school

57.8%

65.8%

0.003

Congestive heart failure

7.4%

3.2%

< 0.001

Coronary heart disease

9.2%

6.8%

0.109

Angina

6.9%

5.6%

0.291

Heart attack

9.0%

5.7%

0.016

Stroke

0.5%

0.7%

1.000

Emphysema

6.2%

2.4%

< 0.001