Table 2 Intervention, control, and intragroup effects and statistical significance within included studies. Data are expressed as mean (standard deviation), unless otherwise stated
Study, year | Outcome | Control group | Intervention group | Intergroup P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-intervention, n | Post-intervention, n | P-value | Pre-intervention, n | Post-intervention, n | P-value | |||
Mutoh,2022 [22] | LM-IA | 13.3 (3.5) | 14.9 (3.8) | 0.003 | 11.3 (4.1) | 14.1 (4.1) |  < 0.001 | 0.078 |
LM-IB | 10.4 (3.5) | 12.1 (2.9) | 0.002 | 9.5 (3.1) | 10.8 (3.5) | 0.013 | 0.146 | |
LM-IIA | 10 (3.8) | 12.2 (4.1) |  < 0.001 | 8.7 (4.6) | 11.2 (5.1) |  < 0.001 | 0.285 | |
LM-IIB | 8.3 (3.7) | 10.2 (3.9) |  < 0.001 | 7.5 (3.4) | 9.9 (3.8) |  < 0.001 | 0.552 | |
Yomogida, 2021 [21] | Working memory (N-back test) | NA | 73.39 (3.57) | NA | NA | 77.86 | NA | NA |
Abe, 2020 [20] | MMSE | 17 | 16.3 | NA | 17.5 | 21 | NA | NA |
NM | 30.9 | 27.5 | NA | 31 | 33.7 | NA | Â | |
O’neill, 2019 [19] | VRM task | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
SWM task | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
Abe, 2017 [18] | MMSE | 1.8 (1.4) | 1.7 (1.4) | NA | 1.3 (1.3) | 1.5 (1.3) | NA | NA |
NM | 7.1 (2.8) | 6 (3.3) |  < 0.05 | 4.7 (2.4) | 6.7 (2) |  < 0.001 | 0.001 | |
Ota, 2016 [16] | Digit-span test | NA | 9.6 (3) | NA | NA | 9.9 (2.9) | NA | 0.41 |
Visual memory span test | NA | 12 (2) | NA | NA | 12.2 (2.3) | NA | 0.64 | |
Letter-number sequencing test | NA | 11.8 (2.3) | NA | NA | 11.8 (1.6) | NA | 0.75 | |