Effects of computer-aided rowing exercise systems on improving muscle strength and function in older adults with mild knee osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled clinical trial

Table 2 Difference of pre-test and post-test WOMAC, muscle strength, and functional fitness within group.

Functional fitness parameter	CRE group (N = 20)			CON group (N = 18)
Functional fitness parameter	Mean difference (95% CI)	p	Cohen’ d	Mean difference (95% CI)	p	Cohen’ d
WOMAC ^a		*2.41610**^–04	0.71		0.279	0.07
Muscle strength (kg)
Hip abductors ^b	-1.49(-2.25, -0.74)	0.001	0.13	0.99(0.19–1.79)	0.019	0.13
Hip adductors ^b	-3.31(-4.76, -1.87)	*1.25210**^–04	0.10	-0.13(-1.04–0.77)	0.759	0.10
Hip flexors ^b	-3.40(-4.79, -2.00)	*6.32310**^–04	0.18	1.13(-0.27–2.54)	0.107	0.18
Hip extensors ^b	-0.30(-3.60, -1.00)	0.002	0.04	0.59(-0.34–1.51)	0.198	0.04
Knee flexors ^b	-0.63(-1.89, 0.63)	0.307	-0.16	0.95(-0.08–1.97)	0.070	-0.16
Knee extensors ^b	-1.01(-1.99, -0.04)	0.043	-0.17	0.46(-0.48–1.39)	0.317	-0.17
Functional Fitness
30-s chair stand (no. of times) ^b	-0.45(-2.51, 1.61)	0.653	-0.19	-0.11(-1.28–1.06)	0.843	-0.19
Functional-reach test (cm) ^b	-3.66(-6.01, -1.31)	0.004	-0.04	0.21(-2.06–2.48)	0.847	-0.04
10-m walk test (s) ^a		0.002	0.49		0.005	0.46

CRE Computer-aided rowing exercise, CON Control group, CI Confidence interval, bold p value represents reaching the significance level (p < .05)
^a Wilcoxon signed rank test was performed
^b paired sample t-tests were performed

ISSN: 1471-2318