Table 1 Characteristics of Incident and Continuing Benzodiazepine Cohorts at Risk of Fall Events
Characteristic, n (%) | Incident Cohort N=379,273a | Continuing Cohort N=509,634b |
|---|---|---|
Sociodemographics | ||
Sex | ||
Male | 118,036 (31.1) | 149,442 (29.3) |
Female | 261,237 (68.9) | 360,192 (70.7) |
Age | ||
65-74 | 202,666 (53.4) | 283,473 (55.6) |
75-84 | 119,955 (31.6) | 153,270 (30.1) |
85+ | 56,652 (14.9) | 72,891 (14.3) |
Racec | ||
Non-Hispanic White | 330,901 (87.2) | 447,637 (87.8) |
Non-Hispanic Black | 18,783 (5.0) | 24,197 (4.7) |
Hispanic | 18,881 (5.0) | 26,481 (5.2) |
Asian/Pacific Islander | 7,446 (2.0) | 7,260 (1.4) |
Other | 3,262 (0.9) | 4,059 (0.8) |
Low-income subsidyd | ||
No | 294,854 (77.7) | 361,558 (70.9) |
Yes | 84,419 (22.3) | 148,076 (29.1) |
Ruralitye | ||
Urban | 331,191 (87.3) | 437,221 (85.8) |
Rural | 48,082 (12.7) | 72,413 (14.2) |
Clinical Characteristics | ||
Elixhauserf | ||
0-1 | 104,851 (27.6) | 131,720 (25.8) |
2 | 66,511 (17.5) | 94,097 (18.5) |
3 | 57,384 (15.1) | 81,665 (16.0) |
4 | 44,194 (11.7) | 62,659 (12.3) |
5 | 32,454 (8.6) | 45,360 (8.9) |
6 | 22,933 (6.0) | 31,578 (6.2) |
7 | 16,251 (4.3) | 21,471 (4.2) |
8 | 11,618 (3.1) | 14,598 (2.9) |
9+ | 23,077 (6.1) | 26,486 (5.2) |
Dementia | 46,734 (12.3) | 60,218 (11.8) |
Osteoarthritis | 112,096 (29.6) | 156,351 (30.7) |
Stroke | 22,986 (6.1) | 27,777 (5.5) |
Substance Use Disorder | 28,353 (7.5) | 49,498 (9.7) |
Urinary incontinence | 21,180 (5.6) | 28,345 (5.6) |
Antihypertensive | 280,960 (74.1) | 391,420 (76.8) |
Parkinson’s disease medication | 18,582 (4.9) | 32,452 (6.4) |
Frailtyg | ||
Not frail | 249,705 (65.8) | 324,251 (63.6) |
Frail | 129,568 (34.2) | 185,383 (36.4) |
BZD Characteristics | ||
Medication possession ratio, % | ||
<0.5 | n/a | 320,176 (62.8) |
0.5-1 | n/a | 172,766 (33.9) |
>1 | n/a | 16,692 (3.3) |
Average daily dose, lor-eq mg/day | ||
<1 | 110,981 (29.3) | 109,554 (21.5) |
1-1.99 | 165,125 (43.5) | 196,560 (38.6) |
2+ | 103,167 (27.2) | 203,520 (39.9) |
Days’ supply, days | ||
<14 | 144,816 (38.2) | 59,415 (11.7) |
14-30 | 201,315 (53.1) | 371,159 (72.8) |
31+ | 33,142 (8.7) | 79,060 (15.5) |
Other Medication Use | ||
Antidepressant | ||
Never | 224,801 (59.3) | 243,037 (47.7) |
Former | 25,828 (6.8) | 42,305 (8.3) |
Current | 128,644 (33.9) | 224,292 (44.0) |
Antiepileptics | ||
Never | 302,869 (79.9) | 385,350 (75.6) |
Former | 20,517 (5.4) | 30,931 (6.1) |
Current | 55,887 (14.7) | 93,353 (18.3) |
Antipsychotics | ||
Never | 348,124 (91.8) | 449,619 (88.2) |
Former | 8,679 (2.3) | 16,107 (3.2) |
Current | 22,470 (5.9) | 43,908 (8.6) |
Opioids | ||
Never | 237,245 (62.6) | 286,972 (56.3) |
Former | 66,477 (17.5) | 106,963 (21.0) |
Current | 75,551 (19.9) | 115,699 (22.7) |
Z-drugs | ||
Never | 352,229 (92.9) | 464,349 (91.1) |
Former | 11,001 (2.9) | 19,454 (3.8) |
Current | 16,043 (4.2) | 25,831 (5.1) |