Table 1 Baseline characteristics of 4875 participants from the NHANES (2007–2014)
Characteristics | Total (n = 4875) | Thiocyanate | Thiocyanate | Thiocyanate | Thiocyanate | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1 (n = 1217) | Q2 (n = 1212) | Q3 (n = 1223) | Q4 (n = 1223) | |||
BMI (kg/m2) | 4875 | 28.84 ± 5.88 | 29.79 ± 6.09 | 30.48 ± 6.75 | 28.92 ± 6.57 | < 0.001 |
Sex | ||||||
Male | 2417 | 468 (38.46%) | 594 (49.01%) | 642 (52.49%) | 713 (58.30%) | < 0.001 |
Female | 2458 | 749 (61.54%) | 618 (50.99%) | 581 (47.51%) | 510 (41.70%) | |
Age (years)a | 4875 | 59.69 ± 11.09 | 58.72 ± 11.36 | 57.56 ± 10.63 | 54.82 ± 9.87 | < 0.001 |
≥12 alcoholic drinks/year | < 0.001 | |||||
Yes | 3349 | 720 (59.16%) | 794 (65.51%) | 884 (72.28%) | 951 (77.76%) | |
No | 1319 | 434 (35.66%) | 366 (30.20%) | 298 (24.37%) | 221 (18.07%) | |
Missing | 207 | 63 (5.18%) | 52 (4.29%) | 41 (3.35%) | 51 (4.17%) | |
Race | < 0.001 | |||||
Mexican American | 772 | 259 (21.28%) | 216 (17.82%) | 187 (15.29%) | 110 (8.99%) | |
Other Hispanic | 525 | 178 (14.63%) | 152 (12.54%) | 118 (9.65%) | 77 (6.30%) | |
Non-Hispanic White | 2324 | 456 (37.47%) | 565 (46.62%) | 626 (51.19%) | 677 (55.36%) | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 948 | 191 (15.69%) | 211 (17.41%) | 234 (19.13%) | 312 (25.51%) | |
Other races | 306 | 133 (10.93%) | 68 (5.61%) | 58 (4.74%) | 47 (3.84%) | |
Perchlorate (ng/mL) | 4875 | 4.02 ± 6.45 | 5.18 ± 8.93 | 6.41 ± 10.04 | 5.68 ± 17.53 | < 0.001 |
Nitrate × 103 (ng/mL) | 4875 | 34.83 ± 38.35 | 49.10 ± 42.43 | 60.60 ± 48.00 | 67.49 ± 46.20 | < 0.001 |
Urinary creatinine (mg/dL) | 4875 | 82.38 ± 63.92 | 106.42 ± 66.53 | 124.95 ± 68.14 | 131.51 ± 73.43 | < 0.001 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 4875 | 81.62 ± 19.03 | 82.33 ± 19.35 | 82.36 ± 17.58 | 82.69 ± 17.79 | 0.570 |
α-Klotho (pg/mL) | 4875 | 874.97 ± 320.04 | 855.57 ± 295.41 | 860.18 ± 297.41 | 840.43 ± 290.88 | 0.103 |
Smoked at least 100 cigarettes in lifetime | 4875 | < 0.001 | ||||
Yes | 2449 | 423 (34.76%) | 502 (41.42%) | 555 (45.38%) | 969 (79.23%) | |
No | 2426 | 794 (65.24%) | 710 (58.58%) | 668 (54.62%) | 254 (20.77%) | |
Usual energy intake, kcal/d | 4875 | 118.79 ± 168.05 | 121.23 ± 165.29 | 132.60 ± 216.95 | 151.51 ± 209.20 | < 0.001 |
Congestive heart failure | 4875 | |||||
Yes | 149 | 44 (3.62%) | 27 (2.23%) | 35 (2.86%) | 42 (3.43%) | 0.182 |
No | 4727 | 1173 (96.38%) | 1185 (97.77%) | 1188 (97.14%) | 1181 (96.57%) | |
Coronary heart disease | 4875 | 0.441 | ||||
Yes | 205 | 45 (3.70%) | 60 (4.95%) | 35 (2.86%) | 52 (4.25%) | |
No | 4670 | 1172 (96.30%) | 1152 (95.05%) | 1188 (97.14%) | 1171 (95.75%) | |
Heart attack | 4875 | 0.075 | ||||
Yes | 221 | 52 (4.27%) | 53 (4.37%) | 48 (3.92%) | 71 (5.81%) | |
No | 4654 | 1165 (95.73%) | 1159 (95.63%) | 1175 (96.08%) | 1152 (94.19%) | |
Stroke | 4875 | 0.419 | ||||
Yes | 198 | 57 (4.68%) | 42 (3.47%) | 45 (3.68%) | 46 (3.76%) | |
No | 4677 | 1160 (95.32%) | 1170 (96.53%) | 1178 (96.32%) | 1177 (96.24%) | |
Liver condition | 4875 | 0.262 | ||||
Yes | 213 | 50 (4.11%) | 43 (3.55%) | 58 (4.74%) | 62 (5.07%) | |
No | 4662 | 1167 (95.89%) | 1169 (96.45%) | 1165 (95.26%) | 1161 (94.93%) | |
Cancer or malignancy | 4875 | 0.411 | ||||
Yes | 581 | 140 (11.50%) | 150 (12.38%) | 158 (12.92%) | 133 (10.87%) | |
No | 4294 | 1077 (88.50%) | 1062 (87.62%) | 1065 (87.08%) | 1090 (89.13%) | |
Physical activity | 4875 | < 0.001 | ||||
Vigorous activity | 858 | 157 (12.90%) | 201 (16.58%) | 201 (16.43%) | 299 (24.45%) | |
Moderate activity | 1069 | 248 (20.38%) | 270 (22.28%) | 292 (23.88%) | 259 (21.18%) | |
Inactivity | 2948 | 812 (66.72%) | 741 (61.14%) | 730 (59.69%) | 665 (54.37%) | |