Defining the concepts of a smart nursing home and its potential technology utilities that integrate medical services and are acceptable to stakeholders: a scoping review

Zhao, Yuanyuan; Rokhani, Fakhrul Zaman; Sazlina, Shariff-Ghazali; Devaraj, Navin Kumar; Su, Jing; Chew, Boon-How

doi:10.1186/s12877-022-03424-6

Table 3 Technology readiness levels

From: Defining the concepts of a smart nursing home and its potential technology utilities that integrate medical services and are acceptable to stakeholders: a scoping review

No	Authors and year	Country	Study design	Function of Technology	Technologies related to ‘smartness’	TRLs
1	Sun et al., 2015 [50]	China	System design	Assisting ADLs^a	Computing technologies	L 1^b
2	Xie, 2016 [192]	China	System design	Information management and decision making	IMS
3	Esteves et al., 2019 [166]	Portugal	System design	Telemedicine	Digital health
4	Shen, 2019 [105]	China	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
5	Chen et al. 2021 [117]	Taiwan, China	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
6	Lin et al., 2008 [58]	Taiwan, China	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT	L 2^c
7	Hu et al., 2009 [60]	USA	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
8	Ohol, 2010 [187]	USA	System design	Information management and decision making	IMS
9	Pallikonda Rajasekaran et al., 2010 [62]	India	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
10	Wu & Huang, 2011 [66]	Taiwan, China	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
11	Ghorbel et al., 2013 [70]	France	System design	Notification for specific events	Computing technologies
12	Neuhaeuser & D'Angelo, 2013 [73]	Germany	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
13	Chu et al., 2014 [77]	China	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
14	Z. Huang et al., 2015 [189]	China	System design	Information management and decision making	IMS
15	Yu et al., 2015 [82]	UK	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
16	Roh & Park, 2017 [35]	South Korea	System design	Quality of Life measurements	Big data and AI
17	Flores-Martin et al. 2021 [118]	Spain	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
18	Sun, 2011 [65]	China	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT	L 3^d
19	Andò et al., 2015 [80]	Italy	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
20	Jiang, 2017 [87]	China	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
21	Mendes et al., 2017 [88]	Portugal	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	Big data and AI
22	Wu et al., 2017 [93]	China	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	Computing technology
23	Mahfuz et al., 2018 [96]	Canada	System design	Fall detection	IoT
24	Fong et al., 2019 [102]	USA	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
25	Ghosh et al., 2019 [103]	India	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	Big data and AI
26	Huang, 2019 [12, 52]	China	System design	Fall detection	Big data and AI
27	Xiao, 2019 [108]	China	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
28	Lanza et al. 2020 [113]	Italy	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	Big data and AI
29	Fischer et al., 2008 [57]	Australia	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT	L 4^e
30	Hsu et al., 2010 [199]	Taiwan, China	System design	Assisting ADLs	IoT
31	Chang et al., 2011 [200]	Taiwan, China	System design	Assisting ADLs	IoT
32	Chen & Li, 2012 [31]	China	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
33	Pan, 2013 [74]	China	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
34	Carvalho et al., 2015 [81]	France	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT	L 5^f
35	Borelli et al., 2019 [99]	Italy	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
36	Mishkhal et al. 2020 [115]	Iraq	System design	Fall prediction	IoT
37	Sax & Lawrence, 2009 [185]	Australia	System design	Information management and decision making	IMS	L 6^g
38	Gower et al., 2011 [63]	Italy	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
39	Lee et al., 2011 [64]	South Korea	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
40	Wang, 2014 [19]	China	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
41	Doumbouya et al., 2015 [148]	France	System design	Telemedicine	Digital health
42	Dias et al., 2016 [84]	Brazil	System design	Fall detection	IoT
43	Ansefine et al., 2017 [86]	Indonesia	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
44	Saod et al., 2017 [91]	Malaysia	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
45	Xie, 2017 [39]	China	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	Big data and AI
46	Zhang, 2017 [191]	China	System design	Information management and decision making	IMS
47	Cai & Wang, 2019 [100]	China	System design	Fall detection	IoT
48	Deng, 2019 [51]	China	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
49	Toda & Shinomiya, 2019 [107]	Japan	System design	Fall detection	IoT
50	Yoo et al., 2019 [109]	South Korea	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
51	Wang, 2020 [38]	China	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
52	Suzuki et al., 2006 [203]	Japan	System design	Monitoring abnormal events (location)	IoT	L 7^h
53	Betgé-Brezetz et al., 2009 [54]	USA	System design	Notification for specific events	Computing technologies
54	Biswas et al., 2009 [59]	Singapore	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
55	Fraile et al., 2010 [61]	Spain	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
56	Back et al., 2012 [67]	Finland	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
57	Chang et al., 2012 [68]	Taiwan, China	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
58	Huang et al., 2013 [71]	Taiwan, China	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
59	Matsui et al., 2013 [72]	USA	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	Computing technology
60	Tseng et al., 2013 [75]	USA	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
61	Liu & Hsu, 2014 [78]	Taiwan, China	System design	Monitoring abnormal events in bed	IoT
62	Zhu et al., 2014 [79]	Japan	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
63	Lopez-Samaniego & Garcia-Zapirain, 2016 [85]	Spain	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
64	Masuda & Numao, 2017 [195]	Japan	System design	Clinical data anaylsis (diagnosis)	IoT
65	Mendoza et al., 2017 [89]	Philippines	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
66	Tsai et al., 2017 [201]	Taiwan, China	System design	Assisting ADLs	IoT
67	Bleda et al., 2018 [94]	Spain	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
68	Lee et al., 2018 [33]	South Korea	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
69	Morita et al., 2018 [97]	Japan	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	Big data and AI
70	Wu et al., 2018 [98]	China	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
71	Huang et al., 2019 [12, 52]	Taiwan, China	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
72	González et al., 2019 [196]	Spain	System design	Clinical data anaylsis (frailty and cognition status)	IoT
73	Lenoir, 2019 [104]	Japan	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
74	Takahashi et al., 2019 [106]	Japan	System design	Monitoring abnormal events (location)	IoT
75	Tang et al., 2019 [37]	China	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
76	Buisseret et al. 2020 [110]	Switzerland	System design	Fall prediction	Big data and AI
77	Lee et al. 2020 [114]	South Korea	System design	Fall prediction	Big data and AI
78	Wan et al. 2021 [116]	China	System design	Fall detection	IoT
79	Montanini et al. 2017 [90]	Italy	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT	Not applicable
80	Danielsen 2016 [83]	Norway	System design	Monitoring abnormal events	IoT
81	Chen et al. 2021 [111, 117]	China	System design	Fall prediction	Big data and AI

^a ADLs Activities of daily living
^bL 1 = Level 1: Basic principles observed and reported
^cL 2 = Level 2: Technology concept and/or application formulated
^dL 3 = Level 3: Analytical and experimental critical function and/or characteristic proof-of-concept
^eL 4 = Level 4: Component and/or breadboard validation in laboratory environment
^fL 5 = Level 5: Component and/or breadboard validation in relevant environment
^gL 6 = Level 6: System/sub-system model or prototype demonstration in relevant environment
^hL 7 = Level 7: System prototype demonstration in relevant environment

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ISSN: 1471-2318

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