Table 1 The codes of defining the concepts and criteria of a smart nursing home

a. Concept of smart nursing homes

 Baidu, 2018 [29]; Ce.cn, 2019 [30]; Chen & Li, 2012 [31]; Gamberini et al., 2018 [11]; Huang et al., 2019 [12]; Korte [32]; Lee et al., 2018 [33]; Mahieu et al., 2019 [34]; MCA, 2014 [18]; Roh & Park, 2017 [35]; Shenghuo, 2020 [36]; Tang et al., 2019 [37]; Wang, 2014 [19]; Wang, 2020 [38]; Xie, 2017 [39]; Xiexiebang, 2019 [40]; Xu & Tuo, 2019 [41]

IoT^a

The concept of smartness in nursing home settings is using a new generation of information technologies such as the internet of things (loT), computing technologies, cloud computing, big data and AI, information management system and digital health, to transform traditional nursing care in an all-round way, making healthcare more efficient, more effective, and more personalised

Application of smart technologies (Smartness)

 Cui et al., 2020 [42]; Korte [32]; SheCuiTong [43]; Telpo [44]

Computing technologies

 Ce.cn, 2019 [30]

Cloud computing

 Cui et al., 2020 [42]; Mahieu et al., 2019 [34]; MHURD [45]; Telpo [44]; Xu & Tuo, 2019 [41]

Big data and AI^b

 Baidu, 2018 [29]; Liuye [46]; MHURD [45]; Morley, 2012 [47]

Information management system (IMS)

 BOE Technology Group Co., 2018 [48]; MHURD [45]; Morley, 2012 [47]; Shenghuo, 2020 [36]; Telpo [44]

Digital health

 Shenghuo, 2020 [36]; Siciliano & Khatib, 2016 [49]; Sun et al., 2015 [50]

Assistive devices

 Cui et al., 2020 [42]; Deng, 2019 [51]; MCA, 2014 [18]; Tang et al., 2019 [37]

Intelligent nursing

A nursing home offers technology-assisted nursing care for the people who require a lot of assistance with activities of daily living to improve their quality of life in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns

Technology-assisted nursing care

 Korte [32]; Lee et al., 2018 [33]; Xie, 2017 [39]

Automated tracking, monitoring and alerts

 Huang, 2019 [52]; Korte [32]; Wang, 2014 [19]

Improving quality of life

 Baidu, 2018 [29]; Cui et al., 2020 [42]; MHURD [45]; Tang et al., 2019 [37]

Meeting older adults and users' satisfaction

 Cui et al., 2020 [42]; Korte [32]; Morley, 2012 [47]

Similar to smart home

The concept belongs to smart homes with specific users. It performs as a home-based care with the functions of both home and hospital to guarantee a better environment for older adults

Combination of smart home and hospital model

 Cui et al., 2020 [42]; Korte [32]

Home and hospital models

 Gamberini et al., 2018 [11]

More comfortable and safe environments

 Cui et al., 2020 [42]; Siciliano & Khatib, 2016 [49]

Special users-older adults and caregivers

b. Criteria of smart nursing homes

 Baidu, 2018 [29]; Huang et al., 2019 [12]; Korte [32]; Matusitz et al., 2013 [53]; MHURD [45]; Tang et al., 2019 [37]

Provide/improve quality of care

The quality of care is the extent to which health care services provided to individuals and patient populations improve desired health outcomes. In order to achieve this, health care must be safe, effective, timely, efficient, equitable and people-centered. (WHO)

Quality of care

 Huang et al., 2019 [12]; MHURD [45]; Siciliano & Khatib, 2016 [49]; Wang, 2020 [38]; Xiexiebang, 2019 [40]

Safe

 Baidu, 2018 [29]; Betgé-Brezetz et al., 2009 [54]; Cui et al., 2020 [42]; MHURD [45]; Shenghuo, 2020 [36]; Tang et al., 2019 [37]

Effective

 Baidu, 2018 [29]; Cui et al., 2020 [42]; SheCuiTong [43]; Siciliano & Khatib, 2016 [49]; Tang et al., 2019 [37]; Xiexiebang, 2019 [40]

Efficient

 Cui et al., 2020 [42]; Huang et al., 2019 [12]; Korte [32]; MHURD [45]; Telpo [44]; Wang, 2014 [19]

People-centered (PC)