Table 1 Baseline sociodemographic, functional, and clinical parameters according to the presence or absence of dysphagia N (%) or mean ± SD

Age (years) mean±SD^a

84.7 ± 7.7

85.4 ± 7.6

84.4 ± 7.7*

Sex (Female) n (%)^b

2575 (74.6)

810 (77.4)

1765 (73.4)

Number of diseases mean±SD^a

4.1 ± 2.7

4.5 ± 3

3.9 ± 2.6*

Number of drugs mean±SD^a

7.0 ± 3.6

6.6 ± 3.4

7.2 ± 3.6*

ADL (0-6) mean±SD^a

3.4 ± 1.9

4.9 ± 1.3

2.8 ± 1.8*

CPS score (0-6) mean±SD^a

2.8 ± 2.0

4.4 ± 1.7

2.2 ± 1.8*

CPS 0-1 n (%)^b

1027 (30.2)

75 (7.4)

952 (39.8)

CPS 2-4 n (%)^b

1319 (38.8)

311 (30.9)

1008 (42.1)

CPS 5-6 n (%)^b

1054 (31.0)

621 (61.7)

433 (18.1)*

Pressure ulcer n (%)^b

345 (10.0)

191 (18.3)

154 (6.4)*

Coronary heart disease n (%)^b

946 (27.6)

324 (31.2)

622 (25.9)**

Congestive heart failure n (%)^b

600 (17.5)

163 (15.6)

437 (18.3)

Cerebrovascular disease n (%)^b

836 (24.2)

345 (33.0)

491 (20.4)*

Dementia n (%)^b

1882 (54.5)

723 (69.1)

1159 (48.2)*

Depression n (%)^b

845 (24.6)

244 (23.4)

601 (25.1)

COPD n (%)^b

315 (9.2)

99 (9.5)

216 (9.0)

Diabetes n (%)^b

735 (21.4)

216 (20.7)

519 (21.7)

Parkinson’s disease n (%)^b

254 (7.4)

98 (9.4)

156 (6.5)**

Cancer n (%)^b

369 (10.7)

99 (9.5)

270 (11.3)

Nutritional status

 Weight loss n (%)^b

312 (9.1)

146 (14.0)

166 (6.9)*

Nutrition Therapy

 Enteral Tube Feeding n (%)^b

86 (2.5)

86 (8.2)

0

 Parenteral Nutrition n (%)^b

12 (0.3)

12 (1.1)

0

 Texture modified diet n (%)^b

948 (27.5)

948 (90.6)

0