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Table 4 Association of loneliness, loneliness literacy, change in loneliness and other factors with mental well-being among the community-based older people by logistic regression (odds ratios)

From: Loneliness, loneliness literacy, and change in loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic among older adults: a cross-sectional study

Variables

Depressive symptoms (n = 615)

Good life satisfaction (n = 623)

B

SE

Exp(B)

(OR)

P value

Lower 95% C.I.

for Exp(B)

Upper 95% C.I.

for Exp(B)

B

SE

Exp(B)

(OR)

P value

Lower 95% C.I.

for Exp(B)

Upper 95% C.I.

for Exp(B)

Age (> = 75 years old)

0.369

0.272

1.446

0.176

0.848

2.466

0.805

0.534

2.237

0.132

0.785

6.368

Sex (male)

-0.043

0.310

0.958

0.889

0.522

1.757

-1.300

0.552

0.273

0.019

0.092

0.805

Marital status (having spouse)

0.156

0.322

1.169

0.628

0.622

2.199

1.000

0.521

2.717

0.055

0.979

7.543

Education

-0.062

0.105

0.940

0.558

0.764

1.156

0.401

0.195

1.493

0.040

1.018

2.189

Financial satisfaction

-0.331

0.132

0.718

0.012

0.554

0.930

1.212

0.213

3.361

0.000

2.212

5.107

Living arrangement (alone)

0.169

0.433

1.184

0.697

0.507

2.766

1.074

0.753

2.927

0.154

0.669

12.806

Region: Middle-North

-0.179

0.390

0.836

0.647

0.389

1.797

-0.294

0.745

0.745

0.693

0.173

3.211

Region: Middle

0.170

0.347

1.185

0.625

0.600

2.339

-1.282

0.629

0.277

0.041

0.081

0.951

Region: Middle-South

0.172

0.388

1.188

0.658

0.555

2.542

-1.558

0.667

0.211

0.019

0.057

0.778

Region: South

-0.607

0.408

0.545

0.137

0.245

1.214

0.189

0.805

1.208

0.814

0.249

5.855

Region: East

0.509

0.624

1.664

0.414

0.490

5.654

-0.827

1.269

0.437

0.515

0.036

5.260

Living area (rural)

-0.283

0.305

0.753

0.353

0.415

1.369

0.159

0.496

1.173

0.748

0.444

3.097

Self-rated health

-0.383

0.122

0.682

0.002

0.536

0.867

0.462

0.227

1.587

0.042

1.016

2.477

Physical function difficulties

0.207

0.122

1.230

0.090

0.968

1.563

0.043

0.154

1.044

0.779

0.771

1.414

Smoking (yes)

0.472

0.578

1.603

0.414

0.516

4.973

-0.981

1.171

0.375

0.402

0.038

3.717

Drinking (yes)

-0.192

0.420

0.825

0.648

0.362

1.879

1.119

0.813

3.062

0.169

0.622

15.061

Physical activity (regular)

-0.285

0.271

0.752

0.293

0.442

1.279

0.828

0.492

2.288

0.092

0.873

5.997

Loneliness

0.215

0.043

1.240

0.000

1.140

1.349

-0.166

0.067

0.847

0.013

0.743

0.965

Loneliness literacy: Self-efficacy

-0.235

0.289

0.791

0.416

0.449

1.393

0.925

0.465

2.522

0.047

1.013

6.280

Loneliness literacy: Social Support

-0.141

0.171

0.869

0.409

0.622

1.213

-0.078

0.302

0.925

0.797

0.512

1.672

Loneliness literacy: Socialization

-0.326

0.192

0.722

0.089

0.495

1.051

-0.101

0.324

0.904

0.756

0.479

1.707

Loneliness literacy: In-home Support

-0.095

0.045

0.909

0.036

0.832

0.994

-0.049

0.050

0.953

0.329

0.864

1.050

Problem-focused coping

-0.032

0.049

0.969

0.517

0.881

1.066

0.026

0.084

1.026

0.757

0.871

1.210

Emotion-focused coping

0.154

0.055

1.166

0.005

1.046

1.300

-0.082

0.091

0.921

0.364

0.771

1.100

Work (yes)

0.063

0.396

1.065

0.873

0.491

2.313

-0.669

0.659

0.512

0.310

0.141

1.865

Family caregivers (yes)

-0.156

0.278

0.856

0.575

0.496

1.476

-0.238

0.468

0.788

0.611

0.315

1.972

Social group participation (yes)

0.162

0.293

1.175

0.582

0.661

2.089

-0.535

0.551

0.586

0.332

0.199

1.726

Family social contact (high)

-1.356

1.055

0.258

0.199

0.033

2.039

-0.672

1.320

0.511

0.611

0.038

6.795

Satisfaction of family support

-0.344

0.189

0.709

0.069

0.490

1.027

0.356

0.272

1.428

0.190

0.839

2.432

Satisfaction of friends/Neighbors support

-0.068

0.121

0.934

0.570

0.737

1.183

-0.085

0.190

0.918

0.652

0.633

1.331

Using Internet (yes)

0.031

0.281

1.032

0.912

0.594

1.790

0.217

0.487

1.243

0.656

0.478

3.230

Having pets (yes)

-0.056

0.381

0.946

0.884

0.448

1.997

1.200

0.877

3.319

0.172

0.595

18.531

Physically active leisure (yes)

-0.653

0.276

0.521

0.018

0.303

0.894

-0.676

0.540

0.509

0.211

0.177

1.466

Sedentary leisure (yes)

0.581

0.296

1.787

0.050

1.000

3.194

0.248

0.483

1.282

0.607

0.498

3.301

Change in Loneliness during COVID-19 (increased)

0.409

0.283

1.505

0.149

0.864

2.622

-0.931

0.477

0.394

0.051

0.155

1.003

Worry about COVID-19

0.310

0.147

1.363

0.035

1.023

1.817

-0.369

0.236

0.692

0.118

0.436

1.098

Model fit

-2 log likelihood = 473.516, Chi-square = 235.700 (d.f. = 36), p < 0.001

-2 log likelihood = 185.539, Chi-square = 195.709 (d.f. = 36), p < 0.001

  1. Note: Analysis by logistic regression. The reference group: region (north), living area (urban), age (65–74), sex (female), marital status (no spouse), living arrangement (with others), smoking (no), drinking (no), physical activity (less than 150 min per week), work (no), family care (no), social group participation (no), family social contacts (low), using internet (less than once per week), having pet (no), physically active leisure (no), sedentary leisure (no), and change in loneliness during COVID-19 (reduced or no change). Other variables were ordinal or continuous. The constant term was omitted in the table
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BMC Geriatrics

ISSN: 1471-2318

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