Table 3 Association of increased loneliness during COVID-19 with related factors among the community-based older people by logistic regression (odds ratios)

Constant

-2.211

1.594

0.110

0.165

--

--

Region: Middle-North

0.183

0.330

1.201

0.580

0.629

2.293

Region: Middle

0.303

0.314

1.353

0.335

0.731

2.505

Region: Middle-South

0.080

0.341

1.083

0.815

0.555

2.114

Region: South

-0.205

0.345

0.815

0.552

0.414

1.602

Region: East

-0.381

0.678

0.683

0.574

0.181

2.580

Living area (rural)

-0.432

0.271

0.649

0.111

0.381

1.104

Age (> = 75)

-0.210

0.251

0.811

0.402

0.496

1.326

Sex (male)

0.630

0.273

1.878

0.021

1.099

3.206

Marital status (having spouse)

-0.447

0.287

0.640

0.120

0.364

1.122

Education

0.016

0.098

1.016

0.867

0.839

1.231

Financial satisfaction

-0.057

0.125

0.944

0.646

0.740

1.207

Living arrangement (alone)

0.016

0.393

1.016

0.967

0.471

2.195

Self-rated health

0.013

0.115

1.013

0.910

0.808

1.269

Physical function difficulties

0.090

0.105

1.094

0.392

0.891

1.344

Smoking (yes)

-0.130

0.495

0.878

0.793

0.333

2.317

Drinking (yes)

0.203

0.347

1.226

0.558

0.621

2.418

Physical activity (regular)

-0.038

0.249

0.962

0.877

0.591

1.568

Loneliness

0.090

0.036

1.095

0.012

1.020

1.174

Loneliness literacy: Self-efficacy

-0.781

0.269

0.458

0.004

0.270

0.776

Loneliness literacy: Social Support

0.467

0.165

1.595

0.005

1.153

2.204

Loneliness literacy: Socialization

0.473

0.180

1.606

0.009

1.128

2.284

Loneliness literacy: In-home Support

-0.096

0.049

0.909

0.051

0.825

1.000

Problem-focused coping strategies

-0.008

0.042

0.992

0.851

0.914

1.077

Emotion-focused coping strategies

0.173

0.049

1.188

0.000

1.080

1.309

Work (yes)

0.112

0.343

1.118

0.744

0.571

2.191

Family care (yes)

-0.123

0.234

0.884

0.599

0.559

1.399

Social group participation (yes)

0.287

0.247

1.333

0.246

0.821

2.162

Family social contact (high)

-0.712

0.997

0.491

0.475

0.070

3.463

Satisfaction of family support

-0.429

0.166

0.651

0.010

0.471

0.902

Satisfaction of friends support

0.083

0.121

1.087

0.492

0.858

1.377

Using Internet (yes)

-0.051

0.256

0.950

0.842

0.576

1.570

Having pets (yes)

-0.326

0.341

0.722

0.340

0.370

1.408

Physically active leisure (yes)

0.552

0.263

1.737

0.036

1.038

2.908

Sedentary leisure (yes)

0.071

0.264

1.073

0.788

0.640

1.801

Worry about COVID-19

0.739

0.129

2.095

0.000

1.627

2.696

Model Fit: -2 log likelihood = 580.449, Chi-square = 148.490 (d.f. = 35), p < 0.001