Table 1 Demographic and Health Comorbidity Characteristics of the NHATS Study Populations at Round 1
Variables | Total | Pre-frail/frail (N = 3013) | Total | Visual Impairment (N = 1422) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n = 1327) | Yes (n = 1686) | P value | No (n = 1358) | Yes (n = 64) | P value | |||
Age | ||||||||
Years, mean (SD) | 75.6 ± 6.9 | 74.5 ± 6.6 | 76.5 ± 7.1 | 74.7 ± 6.7 | 74.6 ± 6.6 | 77.1 ± 7.9 | ||
Gender | <0.001 | 0.2 | ||||||
Female | 58.7 | 54.2 | 62.2 | 54.8 | 54.3 | 62.5 | ||
Male | 41.3 | 45.8 | 37.8 | 45.2 | 45.7 | 37.5 | ||
Race/Ethnicity | <0.001 | 0.026 | ||||||
Non-Hispanic White | 74 | 78.8 | 71.1 | 77.3 | 77.6 | 70.3 | ||
Non-Hispanic Black | 19.3 | 15.9 | 22.2 | 15.7 | 15.8 | 15.6 | ||
Indian/Asian/Native/Hawaii | 2 | 2 | 1.8 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 3.1 | ||
Hispanic | 4 | 3.3 | 4.6 | 3.7 | 3.3 | 10.9 | ||
Other | 0.7 | 0 | 0.4 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0 | ||
Education | <0.001 | 0.038 | ||||||
Less than high school | 19.8 | 13.4 | 24.6 | 14.1 | 13.9 | 20.3 | ||
High school graduates | 26.7 | 23.5 | 29.2 | 23.9 | 23.3 | 34.4 | ||
Some college or vocational school | 25.9 | 25.6 | 26.2 | 25.4 | 25.6 | 21.9 | ||
Bachelor or higher | 27.6 | 37.5 | 20 | 36.6 | 37.2 | 23.4 | ||
Living arrangement | <0.001 | 0.238 | ||||||
Alone | 32.8 | 31.5 | 34.7 | 31.6 | 31.3 | 39.1 | ||
With spouse/partner only | 45.5 | 51.9 | 38.8 | 51.5 | 52.1 | 39.1 | ||
With others only | 12.9 | 9.5 | 16.1 | 9.7 | 9.6 | 12.5 | ||
With spouse/partner and with others | 8.9 | 7.1 | 10.4 | 7.1 | 7 | 9.4 | ||
Self-rated health | <0.001 | 0.017 | ||||||
Excellent | 15.7 | 24.6 | 8.7 | 24.1 | 24.5 | 18.8 | ||
Very good | 32.3 | 40.4 | 26 | 39.7 | 40.1 | 32.8 | ||
Good | 32.2 | 28.1 | 35.7 | 28.4 | 27.9 | 37.5 | ||
Fair | 15.6 | 6.2 | 22.8 | 6.7 | 6.7 | 6.3 | ||
Poor | 4.2 | 0.8 | 6.9 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 4.7 | ||
BMI | <0.001 | 0.017 | ||||||
Normal | 28.9 | 32.5 | 26.2 | 32.1 | 32.2 | 29.7 | ||
Underweight | 1.4 | 0 | 2.4 | 1.1 | 0.9 | 4.7 | ||
Overweight | 69.7 | 67.5 | 71.4 | 66.9 | 66.9 | 66.9 | ||
Hospitalized | <0.001 | 0.173 | ||||||
No | 81.2 | 88.8 | 75.4 | 88.2 | 88.4 | 82.8 | ||
Yes | 18.8 | 11.2 | 24.6 | 11.8 | 11.6 | 17.2 | ||
Number of chronic illnesses | <0.001 | 0.131 | ||||||
No disease | 9.4 | 13.5 | 6.1 | 13.2 | 13.4 | 9.4 | ||
1-3 | 69.2 | 74.3 | 65 | 74.2 | 74.4 | 70.3 | ||
≥ 4 | 21.5 | 12.1 | 28.9 | 12.6 | 12.2 | 20.3 | ||
Smoking | 0.799 | 0.794 | ||||||
No | 49.4 | 50 | 48.9 | 50 | 50.1 | 48.4 | ||
Yes | 50.6 | 50 | 51.1 | 50 | 48.9 | 51.6 | ||
Pain | <0.001 | 0.453 | ||||||
No | 46 | 59.5 | 35.2 | 59.5 | 59.4 | 64.1 | ||
Yes | 54.1 | 40.5 | 64.8 | 40.5 | 40.7 | 35.9 | ||
Depression | <0.001 | 0.108 | ||||||
No | 89.1 | 95.2 | 84.3 | 94.9 | 95.1 | 90.5 | ||
Yes | 10.9 | 4.8 | 15.7 | 5.1 | 5 | 9.5 | ||
Cognitive Function | <0.001 | 0.018 | ||||||
No dementia | 87.7 | 91.9 | 84.4 | 90.9 | 1.3 | 81.3 | ||
Possible dementia | 9.4 | 6.5 | 11.6 | 7.4 | 7.1 | 14.1 | ||
Probable dementia | 2.9 | 1.6 | 4.0 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 4.7 | ||