Decreased daily exercise since the COVID-19 pandemic and the deterioration of health-related quality of life in the elderly population: a population-based cross-sectional study

Table 3 The change in EQ-5D-5L total index

	Unchanged (n = 8410)	Increased (n = 483)	Decreased (n = 4321)	No exercise habit (n = 1280)	p-value
Pre-pandemic	0.972 ± 0.09	0.973 ± 0.07	0.965 ± 0.09	0.922 ± 0.15	Overall: < 0.001 Post hoc: U-I: 0.991 U-D: 0.003 U-N: < 0.001 I-D: 0.360 I-N: < 0.001 D-N: < 0.001
Current	0.967 ± 0.10	0.968 ± 0.08	0.946 ± 0.12	0.918 ± 0.15	Overall: < 0.001 Post hoc: U-I: 1.000 U-D: < 0.001 U-N: < 0.001 I-D: < 0.001 I-N: < 0.001 D-N: < 0.001
Range of reduction	0.003 ± 0.025	0.003 ± 0.042	0.018 ± 0.063	0.006 ± 0.042	Overall: < 0.001 Post hoc: U-I: 0.996 U-D: < 0.001 U-N: 0.137 I-D: < 0.001 I-N: 0.737 D-N: < 0.001

Continuous variables were presented with an average ± 1.0 standard deviation. Overall p value: One-way Analysis of variance, Post hoc: Tukey test in each comparison, EQ-5D-5L EuroQol-5-dimension 5-level, U Unchanged group, I increased group, D decreased group, N no exercise habit group

ISSN: 1471-2318