Table 2 Sample characteristics by disability trajectories classes in 2002
|  | Total sample (N = 4149) | Trajectory Class | P-valuea | Missing data | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal (n = 3210) | Progressive (n = 642) | High-onset (n = 297) | ||||
Sociodemographic Characteristics | ||||||
 Age | 77.61 ± 9.31 | 75.23 ± 7.97 | 85.42 ± 8.72 | 89.12 ± 9.30 |  < 0.001 | — |
Sex | ||||||
 Male | 1927 (46.4%) | 1619 (50.4%) | 248 (38.6%) | 60 (20.2%) |  < 0.001 | — |
 Female | 2222 (53.6%) | 1591 (49.6%) | 394 (61.4%) | 237 (79.8%) | ||
Ethnicity | ||||||
 Han Ancestry | 3852 (92.8%) | 2970 (92.5%) | 602 (93.8%) | 280(94.3%) | 0.326 | — |
 Minority | 297 (7.2%) | 240 (7.5%) | 40 (6.2%) | 17 (5.7%) | ||
Education | ||||||
 Illiterate | 2280 (55.1%) | 1635 (51.0%) | 412 (64.5%) | 233 (79.3%) |  < 0.001 | 10 (0.24%) |
 Literate | 1859 (44.9%) | 1571 (49.0%) | 227 (35.5%) | 61 (20.7%) | ||
Occupation | ||||||
 Low level | 497 (12.0%) | 416 (13%) | 63 (9.9%) | 18 (6.1%) | 0.003 | 12 (0.29%) |
 High level | 3640 (88.0%) | 2788 (87.0%) | 574 (90.1%) | 278 (93.9%) | ||
Marital Status | ||||||
 Unmarried/Separated/Divorced/Widowed | 2160 (52.1%) | 1475 (46.0%) | 451 (70.2%) | 234 (78.8%) |  < 0.001 | — |
 Married | 1989 (47.9%) | 1735 (54.0%) | 191 (29.8%) | 63 (21.2%) | ||
Residence | ||||||
 Urban | 1692 (40.8%) | 1242 (38.7%) | 309 (48.1%) | 141 (47.5%) |  < 0.001 | — |
 Rural | 2457 (59.2%) | 1968 (61.3%) | 333 (51.9%) | 156 (52.5%) | ||
Co-residence | ||||||
 Living alone | 664 (16.0%) | 496 (15.5%) | 135 (21.0%) | 33 (11.1%) |  < 0.001 | — |
 With family | 3485 (84.0%) | 2714 (84.5%) | 507 (79.0%) | 264 (88.9%) | ||
Lifestyles | ||||||
 Fruit Intake | ||||||
 Low frequency | 2758 (66.5%) | 2124 (66.2%) | 433 (67.4%) | 201 (67.7%) | 0.741 | — |
 High frequency | 1391 (33.5%) | 1086 (33.8%) | 209 (32.6%) | 96 (32.3%) | ||
Vegetables Intake | ||||||
 Low frequency | 416 (10.0%) | 285 (8.9%) | 77 (12.0%) | 54 (18.2%) |  < 0.001 | 1 (0.02%) |
 High frequency | 3732 (90.0%) | 2924 (91.1%) | 565 (88.0%) | 243 (81.8%) | ||
Tea Consumption | ||||||
 Low frequency | 2797 (67.4%) | 2097 (65.3%) | 459 (71.5%) | 241 (81.1%) |  < 0.001 | 1 (0.02%) |
 High frequency | 1351 (32.6%) | 1112 (34.7%) | 183 (28.5%) | 56 (18.9%) | ||
Smoker | ||||||
 Yes | 979 (23.6%) | 838 (26.1%) | 117 (18.2%) | 24 (8.1%) |  < 0.001 | 1 (0.02%) |
 No | 3169 (76.4%) | 2371 (73.9%) | 525 (81.8%) | 273 (91.9%) | ||
Alcohol Drinker | ||||||
 Yes | 988 (23.8%) | 822 (25.6%) | 136 (21.2%) | 30 (10.1%) |  < 0.001 | 4 (0.10%) |
 No | 3157 (76.2%) | 2386 (74.4%) | 505 (78.8%) | 266 (89.9%) | ||
Regular Exercise | ||||||
 Yes | 1573 (37.9%) | 1261(39.3%) | 269 (42.0%) | 43 (14.5%) |  < 0.001 | 3 (0.07%) |
 No | 2573 (62.1%) | 1948 (60.7%) | 372 (58.0%) | 253 (85.5%) | ||
 Leisure Activity Index | 0.49 ± 0.13 | 0.51 ± 0.12 | 0.45 ± 0.13 | 0.31 ± 0.10 |  < 0.001 | 2 (0.05%) |
Objective Examination | ||||||
 Weight | 51.25 ± 10.25 | 52.00 ± 10.02 | 49.65 ± 10.53 | 46.58 ± 10.43 |  < 0.001 | — |
 Systolic Pressure | 133.03 ± 17.63 | 132.35 ± 17.23 | 134.65 ± 18.15 | 136.80 ± 20.00 | 0.28 | 4 (0.10%) |
 Diastolic Pressure | 84.65 ± 12.22 | 84.34 ± 12.06 | 85.79 ± 12.76 | 85.58 ± 12.57 | 0.04 | 6 (0.14%) |
Rhythm of Heart | ||||||
 Regular | 3872 (93.4%) | 3025 (94.3%) | 588 (91.6%) | 259 (87.5%) |  < 0.001 | 4 (0.10%) |
 Irregular | 273 (6.6%) | 182 (5.7%) | 54 (8.4%) | 37 (12.5%) | ||
 Heart Rate | 72.44 ± 7.53 | 72.37 ± 7.46 | 72.73 ± 7.61 | 72.51 ± 8.10 | 0.01 | 6 (0.14%) |
 Length from Wrist to Shoulder | 49.84 ± 5.53 | 50.20 ± 5.43 | 49.62 ± 5.90 | 48.33 ± 5.55 | 0.10 | 2 (0.05%) |
 Length from Kneel to Floor | 46.66 ± 5.37 | 46.79 ± 5.27 | 46.49 ± 5.81 | 45.59 ± 5.28 | 0.14 | 6 (0.14%) |
Mental & Cognitive &Physical State | ||||||
 PWB Score | 22.51 ± 3.74 | 22.64 ± 3.71 | 22.42 ± 3.57 | 20.97 ± 4.21 | 0.189 | 226 (5.45%) |
 BADL Score | 11.77 ± 0.99 | 11.96 ± 0.26 | 11.81 ± 0.52 | 9.60 ± 2.70 |  < 0.001 | — |
 IADL Score | 13.80 ± 3.82 | 15.05 ± 1.85 | 12.60 ± 3.01 | 2.79 ± 2.44 |  < 0.001 | — |
 MMSE score | 27.95 ± 2.74 | 28.20 ± 2.40 | 27.08 ± 3.35 | 24.17 ± 5.12 |  < 0.001 | 1680 (40.49%) |
 Chronic Condition | 0.68 ± 0.91 | 0.65 ± 0.85 | 0.77 ± 1.03 | 0.90 ± 1.09 |  < 0.001 | 364 (8.77%) |
Hypertension | ||||||
 Yes | 677 (16.9%) | 486 (15.7%) | 126 (20.3%) | 65 (22.3%) | 0.001 | 145 (3.49%) |
 No | 3327 (83.1%) | 2606 (84.3%) | 495 (79.7%) | 226(77.7%) | ||
Diabetes | ||||||
 Yes | 77 (1.9%) | 54 (1.7%) | 19 (3.1%) | 4 (1.4%) | 0.07 | 146 (3.52%) |
 No | 3926 (98.1%) | 3044 (98.3%) | 601 (96.9%) | 281 (98.6%) | ||
Stroke | ||||||
 Yes | 178 (4.4%) | 110 (3.5%) | 36 (5.8%) | 32 (11.1%) |  < 0.001 | 125 (3.01%) |
 No | 3846 (95.6%) | 3005 (96.5%) | 585 (94.2%) | 256 (88.9%) | ||
Hear Disease | ||||||
 Yes | 363 (9.1%) | 260 (8.4%) | 71 (11.5%) | 32 (11.1%) | 0.02 | 141 (3.40%) |
 No | 3645 (90.9%) | 2841 (91.6%) | 548 (88.5%) | 256 (88.9%) | ||
Family Socioeconomic factors | ||||||
 Household Income per Capita | ||||||
  Low level | 3029 (75.8%) | 2337 (75.2%) | 476 (77.7%) | 216 (78.3%) | 0.27 | 153 (3.69%) |
  High level | 967 (24.2%) | 770 (24.8%) | 137 (22.3%) | 60 (21.7%) | ||
 Adequate Health Services | ||||||
  Yes | 3792 (91.4%) | 2974 (92.7%) | 586 (91.3%) | 232 (78.1%) |  < 0.001 | 1 (0.02%) |
  No | 356 (8.6%) | 235 (7.3%) | 56 (8.7%) | 65 (21.9%) | ||
 Sufficient Financial Support | ||||||
  Yes | 3312 (79.9%) | 2581 (80.4%) | 508 (79.3%) | 223 (75.1%) | 0.08 | 2 (0.05%) |
  No | 835 (20.1%) | 628 (19.6%) | 133 (20.7%) | 74 (24.9%) | ||