Association of frailty and functional recovery in an Acute Care for Elders unit: a prospective observational study

Table 1 Baseline clinical and demographic characteristics by frailty status

Variable	Robust	Prefrail	Frail	P-value
	n = 28	n = 57	n = 29	P-value
Demographic data
Age, years	78.4 (8.4)	78.8 (8.1)	83.0 (6.9)	0.04
Female, n (%)	18 (64.3)	39 (68.4)	20 (69.0)	0.91
BMI (kg/m²)	25.3 (3.7)	25.1 (4.9)	24.4 (3.3)	0.68
Clinical data
ADL before admission	98.8 (3.5)	84.3 (23.2)	69.7 (29.5)	< 0.001
Lawton IADL	6.5 (1.7)	4.7 (3.1)	2.2 (2.7)	< 0.001
MMSE	21.3 (5.6)	18.9 (5.7)	16.6 (6.3)	0.01
GDS-5	0.4 (0.7)	0.8 (1.3)	1.6 (1.5)	0.002
PIM	0.4 (1.2)	0.4 (0.8)	0.5 (0.9)	0.91
CCI	5.4 (2.3)	5.4 (1.6)	6.1 (1.5)	0.17
Length of stay, days	7.3 (10.3)	5.9 (2.9)	6.6 (2.5)	0.55

Note. Data are presented as n (%) or mean (standard deviation). BMI Body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared), ADL Activities of daily living (measured by the Barthel Index; range, 0–100), Lawnton IADL Lawton instrumental activities of daily living (range, 0–8), MMSE Mini-mental state examination (range, 0–30), GDS-5 Five-item geriatric depression scale (range, 0–5), PIM Potentially inappropriate medication, CCI Charlson comorbidity index (range, 0–37)

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