Table 1 Characteristics of the participants based on different frailty (n = 231)
Variables | n(%) | Nonfrail n(%) | Prefrail n(%) | Frail n(%) | X2 | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | Â | Â | Â | Â | 23.379 | 0.000 |
 Male | 87 (37.7) | 6 (6.9) | 39 (44.8) | 42 (48.3) |  |  |
 Female | 144 (62.3) | 11 (7.6) | 23 (16.0) | 110 (76.4) |  |  |
Age, y | Â | Â | Â | Â | 25.805 | 0.000 |
 60–74 | 152 (65.8) | 17 (11.2) | 51 (33.6) | 84 (55.3) |  |  |
 75–89 | 70 (30.3) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (11.4) | 62 (88.6) |  |  |
  ≥ 90 | 9 (3.9) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (33.3) | 6 (66.7) |  |  |
BMI(kg/m2) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 15.412 | 0.004 |
 Low weight | 24 (10.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (4.2) | 23 (95.8) |  |  |
 Normal weight | 127 (55.0) | 10 (7.9) | 31 (24.4) | 86 (67.7) |  |  |
 Overweight/obesity | 80 (34.6) | 7 (8.7) | 30 (37.5) | 43 (53.8) |  |  |
Marital status | Â | Â | Â | Â | 2.384 | 0.304 |
 Married | 184 (79.7) | 16 (8.7) | 49 (26.6) | 119 (64.7) |  |  |
 Unmarried or widowed | 47 (20.4) | 1 (2.1) | 13 (27.7) | 33 (70.2) |  |  |
Education | Â | Â | Â | Â | 22.151 | 0.001 |
 Primary school and below | 77 (33.3) | 7 (9.1) | 20 (26.0) | 50 (64.9) |  |  |
 Junior school | 58 (25.1) | 3 (5.2) | 8 (13.8) | 47 (81.0) |  |  |
 High school | 49 (21.2) | 0 (0.0) | 14 (28.6) | 35 (71.4) |  |  |
 College and above | 47 (20.4) | 7 (14.9) | 20 (42.6) | 20 (42.6) |  |  |
Residence | Â | Â | Â | Â | 17.074 | 0.002 |
 Alone/nursing home | 15 (6.5) | 1 (6.7) | 6 (40.0) | 8 (53.3) |  |  |
 Cohabitant spouse | 91 (39.4) | 12 (13.2) | 31 (34.1) | 48 (52.7) |  |  |
 Cohabitate with children | 125 (54.1) | 4 (3.2) | 25 (20.0) | 96 (76.8) |  |  |
Past occupation | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.086 | 0.958 |
 Manual labor | 138 (59.7) | 10 (7.2) | 38 (27.5) | 90 (65.3) |  |  |
 Mental labor | 93 (40.3) | 7 (7.5) | 24 (25.8) | 62(66.7) |  |  |
Income | Â | Â | Â | Â | 5.197 | 0.268 |
 Pension/Social security | 148 (64.1) | 13 (8.8) | 38 (25.7) | 97 (65.5) |  |  |
 Child support | 71 (30.7) | 3 (4.2) | 18 (25.4) | 50 (70.4) |  |  |
 Other | 12 (5.2) | 1 (8.3) | 6 (50.0) | 5 (41.7) |  |  |
Smoking history | Â | Â | Â | Â | 4.146 | 0.126 |
 No | 191 (82.7) | 11 (5.8) | 52 (27.2) | 128 (67.0) |  |  |
 Yes | 40 (17.3) | 6 (15.0) | 10 (25.0) | 24 (60.0) |  |  |
Drinking history | Â | Â | Â | Â | 10.140 | 0.006 |
 No | 191 (82.7) | 11 (5.8) | 46 (24.1) | 134 (70.2) |  |  |
 Yes | 40 (17.3) | 6 (15.0) | 16 (40.0) | 18 (45.0) |  |  |
History of fracture | Â | Â | Â | Â | 9.946 | 0.007 |
 No | 154 (66.7) | 15 (9.7) | 48 (31.2) | 91 (59.1) |  |  |
 Yes | 77 (33.3) | 2 (2.6) | 14 (18.2) | 61 (79.2) |  |  |
Pain | Â | Â | Â | Â | 24.071 | 0.000 |
 No | 21 (9.1) | 5 (23.8) | 12 (57.1) | 4 (19.0) |  |  |
 Yes | 210 (90.9) | 12 (5.7) | 50 (23.8) | 148 (70.5) |  |  |
Comorbidity | Â | Â | Â | Â | 3.814 | 0.149 |
 No | 88 (38.1) | 6 (6.8) | 30 (34.1) | 52 (59.1) |  |  |
 Yes | 143 (61.9) | 11 (7.7) | 32 (22.4) | 100 (69.9) |  |  |
Polypharmacy | Â | Â | Â | Â | 18.023 | 0.000 |
 No | 183 (79.2) | 16 (8.7) | 59 (32.2) | 108(59.0) |  |  |
 Yes | 48 (20.8) | 1 (2.1) | 3 (6.2) | 44 (91.7) |  |  |
Participate in social activity | Â | Â | Â | Â | 9.787 | 0.134 |
 No | 100 (43.3) | 4 (4.0) | 21 (21.0) | 75 (75.0) |  |  |
 1 to 2 times/year | 108 (46.8) | 11 (10.2) | 31 (28.7) | 66 (61.1) |  |  |
 1 to 2 times/month | 16 (6.9) | 1 (6.2) | 7 (43.8) | 8 (50.0) |  |  |
 1 to 2 times/week | 7 (3.0) | 1 (14.3) | 3 (42.9) | 3 (42.9) |  |  |
ADLs | Â | Â | Â | Â | 99.243 | 0.000 |
 No impairment | 83 (35.9) | 16 (19.3) | 46 (55.4) | 21 (25.3) |  |  |
 Mild impairment | 117 (50.7) | 1 (0.9) | 16 (13.7) | 100 (85.5) |  |  |
 Moderate impairment | 20 (8.7) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 20 (100.0) |  |  |
 Severe impairment | 11 (4.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 11 (100.0) |  |  |
Sleep quality | Â | Â | Â | Â | 32.510 | 0.000 |
 Nomal sleep quality A | 48 (20.8) | 8 (16.7) | 25 (52.1) | 15 (31.2) |  |  |
 Poor sleep quality B | 183 (79.2) | 9 (4.9) | 37 (20.2) | 137 (74.9) |  |  |