Over- and under-prescribing, and their association with functional disability in older patients at risk of further decline in Germany – a cross-sectional survey conducted as part of a randomised comparative effectiveness trial

Table 2 Multiple linear regression analysis modelling PIM and PPO on functional disability measured using the WHODAS total score (n= 410, final model after variable selection)

	Reg. coeff. B	SE	95%-CI for B	Std. coeff. Beta	p-value
No. of PIM	2.65	0.57	1.53; 3.76	0.20	< 0.001
No. of PPO	1.49	0.64	0.24; 2.74	0.10	0.020
ISAR	5.27	1.01	3.28; 7.25	0.24	< 0.001
Multimorbidity^a	0.84	0.29	0.26; 1.41	0.13	0.004
No. of hospital stays in 6 m	2.42	0.81	0.82; 4.01	0.13	0.003
Gender, female	6.55	1.82	2.96; 10.13	0.31	< 0.001
Living independently	-7.30	3.05	-13.30; -1.30	-0.35	0.017
Quality of information: good	-9.67	3.25	-16.06; -3.27	-0.46	0.003

WHODAS World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2 (with 0 points indicating no and 100 points indicating maximal functional disability); Reg. coeff. B Regression coefficient B; SE Standard error; CI Confidence interval; Std. coeff. Beta Standard coefficient Beta; PIM Potentially inappropriate medication; PPO Potential prescribing omission; ISAR Identification of Seniors at Risk Screening Tool. ^a: Multimorbidity as measured by the outcome-orientated multimorbidity score “Activities of daily life” (ADL) of Tooth et al [32].

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