Table 1 Characteristics of robust/prefrail and frail participants based on the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF) index, the Fatigue, Resistance, Ambulation, Illness and Loss of weight (FRAIL) index and the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) index
From: Predicting frailty in older adults using vocal biomarkers: a cross-sectional study
| Â | SOF | FRAIL | CHS (Fried's) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Robust/ prefrail | Frail | Â | Robust/ prefrail | Frail | Â | Robust/ prefrail | Frail | ||||||||
N = 277 | N | (%) | N | (%) | P value†| N | (%) | N | (%) | P value†| N | (%) | N | (%) | P value†|
Women (N = 175, 63.2%) | 145 | (63.6) | 30 | (61.2) | 0.75 | 143 | (64.1) | 32 | (59.3) | 0.53 | 138 | (62.7) | 37 | (64.9) | 0.88 |
Age (years)a | 73.8 |  ± 6.7 | 76.6 |  ± 8.3 | 0.01 | 73.8 |  ± 6.8 | 76.4 |  ± 8.0 | 0.02 | 73.6 |  ± 6.7 | 76.9 |  ± 8.1 |  < 0.01 |
Body weight (kg)a | 59.6 |  ± 10.5 | 50.7 |  ± 8.4 |  < 0.01 | 59.1 |  ± 10.3 | 53.5 |  ± 11.1 |  < 0.01 | 59.2 |  ± 9.6 | 53.6 |  ± 13.1 |  < 0.01 |
BMI (kg/m2)a | 24.4 |  ± 4.2 | 21.6 |  ± 3.0 |  < 0.01 | 24.2 |  ± 4.1 | 22.6 |  ± 4.1 | 0.01 | 24.1 |  ± 3.8 | 23.0 |  ± 5.1 | 0.07 |
Weight loss | 24 | (10.5) | 34 | (69.4) |  < 0.01 | 26 | (11.7) | 32 | (59.3) |  < 0.01 | 33 | (15.0) | 25 | (43.9) |  < 0.01 |
Exhaustion | 23 | (10.1) | 43 | (87.8) |  < 0.01 | 25 | (11.2) | 41 | (75.9) |  < 0.01 | 26 | (11.8) | 40 | (70.2) |  < 0.01 |
Low grip strength | 102 | (44.7) | 30 | (61.2) |  < 0.01 | 95 | (42.6) | 37 | (68.5) |  < 0.01 | 81 | (36.8) | 51 | (89.5) |  < 0.01 |
Slow gait speed | 64 | (28.1) | 35 | (71.4) |  < 0.01 | 56 | (25.1) | 43 | (79.6) |  < 0.01 | 46 | (20.9) | 53 | (93.0) |  < 0.01 |
Cannot complete 5 times CST | 69 | (30.3) | 40 | (81.6) |  < 0.01 | 63 | (28.3) | 46 | (85.2) |  < 0.01 | 67 | (30.5) | 42 | (73.7) |  < 0.01 |
ADL impairment | 16 | (7.0) | 14 | (28.6) |  < 0.01 | 10 | (4.5) | 20 | (37.0) |  < 0.01 | 3 | (1.4) | 27 | (47.4) |  < 0.01 |
Polypharmacy (> 8 kinds) | 11 | (4.8) | 16 | (32.7) |  < 0.01 | 3 | (1.4) | 24 | (44.4) |  < 0.01 | 7 | (3.2) | 20 | (35.1) |  < 0.01 |
Malnutrition | 77 | (33.8) | 29 | (59.2) |  < 0.01 | 71 | (31.8) | 35 | (64.8) |  < 0.01 | 71 | (32.3) | 35 | (61.4) |  < 0.01 |
ED visits or hospital admission in recent one year | 12 | (5.3) | 12 | (24.5) |  < 0.01 | 10 | (4.5) | 14 | (25.9) |  < 0.01 | 5 | (2.3) | 19 | (33.3) |  < 0.01 |