Table 4 Content analysis of the reviewed publications

All population

26

Adults

74

Young people

22

Older adults

24

Publication period

# of articles

Older adults

General population

2005–2010

Older adults: 3

General population: 12

[157, 165, 170]

[58, 59, 61, 63, 67, 86, 100, 107, 124, 126, 135, 137]

2011–2015

Older adults: 10

General population: 53

[158,159,160, 162, 167, 171, 172, 174,175,176]

[32, 34,35,36,37, 41, 44, 45, 47, 48, 51, 54,55,56, 60, 64, 66, 68, 74, 75, 77, 80, 81, 85, 87, 93, 95, 96, 98, 99, 103, 105, 108, 110,111,112, 114, 116, 117, 121, 123, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136, 138, 142, 144, 147,148,149, 152]

2016–2019

Older adults: 11

General population: 57

[154,155,156, 161, 163, 164, 166, 168, 169, 173, 177]

[33, 38,39,40, 42, 43, 46, 49, 50, 52, 53, 57, 62, 65, 69,70,71,72,73, 76, 78, 79, 82,83,84, 88,89,90,91,92, 94, 97, 101, 102, 104, 106, 109, 113, 115, 118,119,120, 122, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133, 139,140,141, 143, 145, 146, 150, 151, 153]

Journal field

# of articles

Older adults

General population

Health

Older adults: 13

General population: 77

[155, 157, 159, 160, 162,163,164,165, 170,171,172, 174, 175]

[32, 34, 35, 37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 46, 50, 54, 56, 58, 59, 65, 66, 68, 69, 71, 73,74,75,76,77, 80,81,82, 84, 85, 87, 88, 90,91,92, 96,97,98,99,100,101, 103, 104, 106, 108,109,110,111,112,113, 115, 116, 118,119,120,121,122, 124, 125, 128, 129, 132, 133, 135,136,137,138,139,140,141, 143, 144, 146, 148, 150,151,152,153]

Inter- or multi-disciplinary

Older adults: 9

General population: 38

[154, 158, 161, 166,167,168,169, 173, 177]

[33, 41, 44, 47,48,49, 51, 52, 55, 57, 62, 63, 67, 70, 72, 78, 79, 83, 86, 89, 93,94,95, 102, 105, 107, 114, 117, 123, 126, 127, 130, 131, 134, 142, 145, 147, 149]

Transportation or urban studies

Older adults: 1

General population: 4

[176]

[45, 53, 61, 64]

Environment or geography

Older adults:1

General population: 3

[156]

[36, 38, 60]

Geographical context

# of articles

Older adults

General population

US

Older adults: 9

General population: 46

[155, 157, 162, 165, 167, 170, 171, 174, 175]

[32, 38, 42, 45, 49, 50, 55, 58,59,60,61, 65, 67, 68, 73,74,75, 77,78,79, 81,82,83,84,85,86,87, 89, 90, 98, 99, 103, 104, 106, 107, 118,119,120,121,122, 135, 136, 143, 145, 146, 150]

Canada

Older adults: 3

General population: 22

[160, 163, 164]

[35, 40, 46, 48, 53, 54, 66, 70,71,72, 76, 80, 94, 95, 101, 105, 109, 125, 127, 134, 152, 153]

Austria

General population: 1

–

[69]

Belgium

Older adults: 3

General population: 7

[158, 159, 177]

[123, 124, 126, 133, 144, 147, 148]

Czech Republic

General population: 1

–

[63]

Denmark

General population: 1

–

[114]

Finland

Older adults: 1

[173]

–

France

General population: 2

–

[62, 97]

Germany

Older adults: 1

General population: 2

[154]

[41, 132]

Ireland

General population: 1

–

[131]

Portugal

General population: 1

–

[102]

Spain

Older adults: 1

General population: 2

[169]

[140, 141]

Sweden

General population: 4

–

[34, 44, 51, 117]

United Kingdom

Older adults: 1

General population: 3

[161]

[57, 92, 113]

Iran

Older adults: 1

[176]

–

Japan

Older adults: 1

General population: 1

[166]

[39]

Malaysia

General population: 1

–

[129]

Singapore

Older adults: 1

[172]

–

South Korea

General population: 2

–

[37, 64]

Taiwan

Older adults: 1

[168]

–

Australia

Older adults: 1

General population: 16

[156]

[36, 47, 52, 56, 88, 91, 93, 96, 100, 110, 111, 115, 116, 130, 138, 149]

New Zealand

General population: 5

–

[128, 137, 139, 142, 151]

Brazil

General population: 1

–

[112]

Mexico

General population: 1

–

[108]

Multiple country

General population: 2

–

[33, 43]

Research design

# of articles

Older adults

General population

Cross-sectional

Older adults: 18

General population: 105

[154,155,156, 158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165, 168, 169, 172, 174,175,176,177]

[33,34,35, 37,38,39, 41,42,43,44,45,46,47, 49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56, 58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71, 73, 75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85, 88, 90, 91, 93, 95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105, 107, 108, 110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121, 123,124,125,126, 128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144, 146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153]

Longitudinal

Older adults: 5

General population: 16

[157, 166, 167, 170, 171]

[32, 36, 40, 48, 57, 72, 74, 86, 87, 89, 94, 106, 109, 122, 127, 145]

Mixed

Older adults: 1

General population: 1

[173]

[92]

Spatial data collection method

# of articles

Reference

Older adults

General population

GIS

Older adults: 22

General population: 114

[154, 155, 157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173, 175,176,177]

[32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71, 73,74,75,76, 78,79,80,81,82, 84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103, 105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127, 129,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138, 140, 141, 143,144,145, 147,148,149,150,151,152,153]

Audits

Older adults: 2

General population: 8

[156, 174]

[72, 77, 83, 104, 128, 139, 142, 146]

Outcome data collection method

# of articles

Reference

Older adults

General population

Self-reported

Older adults: 14

General population: 70

[154, 156, 157, 160, 164,165,166, 168,169,170,171,172, 175, 176]

[35, 37, 39,40,41, 45, 47,48,49,50, 52,53,54,55,56,57,58, 60, 61, 64,65,66,67, 69, 70, 75,76,77, 80, 81, 84,85,86,87,88, 91, 93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100, 102, 103, 105, 109,110,111,112, 114,115,116, 119,120,121, 123, 125, 127, 128, 130, 131, 134, 141, 145, 146, 149, 150, 152]

Mixed

Older adults: 7

General population: 21

[155, 158, 159, 163, 167, 173, 177]

[34, 36, 51, 59, 62, 68, 89, 90, 106, 107, 113, 117, 124, 126, 133, 137, 140, 142,143,144, 153]

Device

Older adults: 3

General population: 31

[161, 162, 174]

[32, 33, 38, 42,43,44, 46, 63, 71,72,73,74, 78, 79, 82, 83, 92, 101, 104, 108, 118, 122, 129, 132, 135, 136, 138, 139, 147, 148, 151]

Operationalization of walkability

# of articles

Reference

Older adults

General population

Index

Older adults: 19

General population: 112

[154, 157,158,159,160, 162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170, 172, 173, 175,176,177]

[33,34,35,36, 38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51, 53, 54, 56,57,58,59, 61,62,63,64,65,66,67, 69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77, 79, 81, 82, 84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133,134,135, 137,138,139,140,141,142,143,144,145,146,147,148,149,150,151,152,153]

Separate variables

Older adults: 5

General population: 10

[155, 156, 161, 171, 174]

[32, 37, 52, 55, 60, 68, 78, 80, 83, 136]

Spatial domain

# of articles

Reference

Older adults

General population

Residential

Older adults: 24

General population: 107

[154,155,156,157,158,159,160,161,162,163,164,165,166,167,168,169,170,171,172,173,174,175,176,177]

[32, 34,35,36,37, 40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59, 62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89, 91, 92, 94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105,106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133, 135, 138,139,140, 143,144,145,146,147,148, 151, 153]

School site

General population: 5

–

[134, 137, 149, 150, 152]

Residential + Workplace

General population: 4

–

[39, 61, 90, 93]

Residential + School site

General population: 3

–

[136, 141, 142]

Other (whole city, routes to parks, daily walking itineraries)

General population: 3

–

[33, 38, 60]

Spatial extent

# of articles

Reference

Older adults

General population

Buffer

Older adults: 17

General population: 82

[154,155,156,157, 160,161,162,163,164,165,166, 168, 170, 172,173,174,175]

[32,33,34,35, 37, 39,40,41,42,43,44, 46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54, 56, 57, 59, 62, 63, 65,66,67,68,69, 71,72,73,74,75,76, 78,79,80,81, 83, 84, 86, 87, 89, 92, 94,95,96,97,98, 101,102,103,104,105,106, 108, 109, 113, 115, 116, 118,119,120,121,122, 127, 130,131,132, 134,135,136, 138, 142, 143, 145, 146, 149, 151, 152]

Statistical units

Older adults: 4

General population: 25

[158, 159, 171, 177]

[55, 58, 64, 82, 85, 88, 93, 100, 110,111,112, 114, 123,124,125,126, 128, 133, 137, 139,140,141, 144, 147, 148]

Administrative units

Older adults: 3

General population: 9

[167, 169, 176]

[45, 70, 77, 91, 99, 107, 117, 129, 153]

Combination

General population: 3

–

[36, 38, 90]

Other (street segments, country level, enrollment zones)

General population: 3

–

[60, 61, 150]

Reference

Buffer type

# of articles

Older adults

General population

Street network buffer

Older adults: 9

General population: 47

[154, 155, 160, 162,163,164,165,166, 174]

[32, 34, 36, 37, 39,40,41,42,43,44, 46, 47, 49, 50, 54, 56, 57, 59, 63, 66, 67, 69, 71, 75, 76, 79, 80, 83, 86, 87, 92, 95, 96, 98, 102,103,104, 108, 113, 116, 131, 132, 135, 138, 142, 143, 146]

Circular buffer

Older adults: 8

General population: 42

[156, 157, 161, 168, 170, 172, 173, 175]

[33, 35, 38, 41, 42, 48, 51, 53, 62, 65, 68,69,70, 72,73,74,75, 78, 79, 81, 84, 89, 90, 94, 97, 101, 105, 106, 109, 115, 118,119,120,121,122, 127, 130, 134, 136, 145, 149, 152]

Sausage buffer

General population: 2

–

[52, 151]

Combination

General population: 4

–

[41, 42, 69, 75] *References are also included in related categories above

Buffer size

# of articles

Reference

Older adults

General population

50 m

General population: 1

–

[118]

200 m

Older adults: 1

General population: 1

[174]

[47]

250 m

General population: 1

–

[151]

400 m

Older adults: 3

General population: 9

[154, 156, 170]

[47, 49, 52, 73, 83, 92, 102, 104, 135]

500 m

Older adults: 3

General population: 9

[162, 166, 172]

[35, 40, 43, 71, 72, 108, 131, 136, 151]

600 m

General population: 1

–

[49]

800 m

Older adults: 1

General population: 11

[170]

[47, 49, 52, 57, 78, 87, 90, 92, 102, 135, 142]

1000 m

Older adults: 5

General population: 31

[155, 157, 165, 166, 173]

[32, 34, 37, 39, 40, 42,43,44, 49, 51, 59, 63, 66,67,68,69, 79, 103, 106, 108, 113, 115, 116, 131, 132, 134, 142, 143, 146, 151, 152]

1200 m

General population: 1

–

[49]

1500 m

General population: 2

–

[49, 69]

1600 m

General population: 14

–

[41, 47, 49, 52, 56, 76, 80, 86, 87, 92, 95, 96, 98, 135]

1700 m

General population: 1

–

[49]

2000 m

Older adults: 1

General population: 4

[161]

[79, 138, 149, 151]

2500 m

Older adults: 5

General population: 37

[160, 163, 164, 168, 175]

[33, 35, 38, 41, 46, 48, 50, 53, 54, 62, 65, 68, 70, 72,73,74,75,76, 79, 81, 84, 89, 90, 94, 97, 101, 105, 106, 109, 115, 119,120,121,122, 127, 130, 145]

3000 m

Older adults: 1

General population: 1

[157]

[79]

4830 m

General population: 1

–

[87]

Associations found between walkability and walking-related outcomes

# of articles

Reference

Older adults

General population

Positive

Older adults: 15

General population: 74

[154, 155, 158, 160, 162, 164,165,166,167, 169, 171, 173, 174, 176, 177]

[33, 34, 36,37,38, 41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49, 51, 52, 55, 58,59,60,61,62,63,64, 66,67,68,69,70, 73,74,75,76, 78,79,80,81,82, 84, 85, 88, 91, 93,94,95, 97, 102, 106, 107, 112,113,114,115,116,117, 119, 120, 123,124,125,126,127,128,129,130,131,132,133, 135, 140,141,142, 146, 149]

No association

Older adults: 5

General population: 18

[156, 168, 170, 172, 175]

[35, 39, 40, 56, 57, 65, 71, 72, 83, 89, 99, 101, 105, 137, 138, 145, 150, 153]

Partial

Older adults: 3

General population: 20

[159, 161, 163]

[50, 53, 54, 77, 87, 90, 92, 96, 98, 100, 103, 110, 111, 121, 122, 136, 144, 147, 148, 151]

Mixed

Older adults: 1

General population: 5

[157]

[32, 86, 104, 109, 143]

Negative

General population: 5

–

[108, 118, 134, 139, 152]