Factors influencing the stages of frailty among Korean older adults focusing on objective and subjective social isolation

Table 2 Subjective social isolation according to sociodemographic and health-related characteristics

Variables	Categories	M ± SD	t or F(p) (Scheffe test)
Gender	Male	2.34 ± 2.85	2.02 (.044)
Gender	Female	2.23 ± 2.51	2.02 (.044)
Age (years)	65–74	2.63 ± 2.83	16.12 (< .001)
Age (years)	≥ 75	1.80 ± 2.32	16.12 (< .001)
Education level	None ^a	1.46 ± 1.89	223.29 (< .001) (a < b < c)*
	Elementary school ^b	2.15 ± 2.43
	≥ Middle school ^c	2.85 ± 3.05
Household income (10,000won/year)	Q1 (≤ 686)^a	1.77 ± 2.27	92.20 (< .001) (a < b < c < d)*
	Q2 (687–991)^b	2.07 ± 2.45
	Q3 (992–1,470)^c	2.32 ± 2.68
	Q4 (≥ 1471)^d	2.95 ± 3.04
Living alone	No	2.37 ± 2.73	6.39 (< .001)
Living alone	Yes	2.00 ± 2.40	6.39 (< .001)
ADL dependency	No	2.34 ± 2.65	7.63 (< .001)
ADL dependency	Yes	1.51 ± 2.73	7.63 (< .001)
IADL dependency	No	2.53 ± 2.75	20.13 (< .001)
IADL dependency	Yes	1.44 ± 2.11	20.13 (< .001)
Cognitive decline	No	2.35 ± 2.65	5.71 (< .001)
Cognitive decline	Yes	1.94 ± 2.67	5.71 (< .001)
Vision	Good	2.51 ± 2.81	13.22 (< .001)
Vision	Not good	1.82 ± 2.28	13.22 (< .001)
Hearing	Good	2.42 ± 2.74	12.91 (< .001)
Hearing	Not good	1.65 ± 2.16	12.91 (< .001)
Exercise	Regular	2.66 ± 2.87	15.62 (< .001)
Exercise	Irregular	1.85 ± 2.33	15.62 (< .001)

M mean, SD standard deviation, ADL Activities of Daily Living, IADL Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
* post hoc: Scheffe test (subgroup a,b,c,d)

ISSN: 1471-2318