Table 1 Stages of frailty according to sociodemographic and health-related characteristics
Variables | Categories + (range) | Total | Stages of frailty | χ2 or F (p) (Scheffe test) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Robust | Pre-frail | Frail | |||||
n (%) or M ± SD | n(%) or M ± SD | n(%) or M ± SD | n(%) or M ± SD | ||||
Total | Â | 10,041 | 5,171 (51.5) | 4266 (42.5) | 604 (6.0) | Â | |
Gender | Male | 4277 | (42.6) | 2526 (48.8) | 1590 (37.3) | 161 (26.7) | 194.926 (< .001) |
Female | 5764 | (57.4) | 2645 (51.2) | 2676 (62.7) | 443 (73.3) | ||
Age (years) | 65–74 | 5841 | (58.2) | 3502 (67.7) | 2169 (50.8) | 170 (28.1) | 512.890 (< .001) |
 ≥ 75 | 4200 | (41.8) | 1669 (32.3) | 2097 (49.2) | 4359(71.9) | ||
Education level | No formal education | 2376 | (23.7) | 838 (16.2) | 1267 (29.7) | 271 (44.9) | 523.330 (< .001) |
Elementary school | 3444 | (34.3) | 1700 (32.9) | 1560 (36.6) | 184 (30.4) | ||
 ≥ Middle school | 4221 | (42.0) | 2633 (50.9) | 1439 (33.7) | 149 (24.7) | ||
Household income (10,000won/year) | Q1 (≤ 686) | 2489 | (24.7) | 1027 (19.9) | 1255 (29.4) | 207 (34.4) | 304.215 (< .001) |
Q2 (687–991) | 2528 | (25.2) | 1189 (23.0) | 1136 (26.6) | 203 (33.6) | ||
Q3 (992–1,470) | 2507 | (25.0) | 1361 (26.3) | 1037 (24.3) | 109 (18.0) | ||
Q4 (≥ 1471) | 2517 | (25.1) | 1594 (30.8) | 838 (19.7) | 85 (14.0) | ||
Living alone | No | 7636 | (76.1) | 4145 (80.2) | 3092 (72.5) | 399 (66.1) | 110.756 (< .001) |
Yes | 2405 | (23.9) | 1026 (19.8) | 1174 (27.5) | 205 (33.9) | ||
ADL dependency | No | 9356 | (93.2) | 5082 (98.3) | 3946 (92.5) | 328 (54.3) | 1650.621 (< .001) |
Yes | 685 | (6.8) | 89 (1.7) | 320 (7.5) | 276 (45.7) | ||
IADL dependency | No | 7760 | (77.3) | 4621 (89.4) | 3014 (70.6) | 125 (20.7) | 1638.457 (< .001) |
Yes | 2281 | (22.7) | 550 (10.6) | 1252 (29.4) | 479 (79.3) | ||
Cognitive decline | No | 8360 | (83.3) | 4455 (86.1) | 3472 (81.4) | 433 (71.7) | 99.419 (< .001) |
Yes | 1681 | (16.7) | 716 (13.9) | 794 (18.6) | 171 (28.3) | ||
Vision | Good | 6651 | (66.2) | 3768 (72.9) | 2596 (60.9) | 287 (47.5) | 251.178 (< .001) |
Not good | 3390 | (33.8) | 1403 (27.1) | 1670 (39.1) | 317 (52.5) | ||
Hearing | Good | 8249 | (82.2) | 4512 (87.3) | 3360 (78.8) | 377 (62.4) | 285.023 (< .001) |
Not good | 1792 | (17.8) | 659 (12.7) | 906 (21.2) | 227 (37.6) | ||
Exercise | Regular | 5311 | (52.9) | 3212 (62.1) | 2008 (47.1) | 92 (15.2) | 578.650 (< .001) |
Irregular | 4730 | (47.1) | 1959 (37.9) | 2258 (52.9) | 512 (84.8) | ||
Objective social isolation | Not isolated from both family and non-family member | 7559 | (75.3) | 4286 (82.9) | 2993 (70.1) | 280 (46.4) | 590.259 (< .001) |
Isolated from family member only | 597 | (5.9) | 283 (5.5) | 277 (6.5) | 37 (6.1) | ||
Isolated from non-family member only | 1626 | (16.2) | 529 (10.2) | 857 (20.1) | 240(39.7) | ||
Isolated from both family and non-family member | 259 | (2.6) | 73 (1.4) | 139 (3.3) | 47 (7.8) | ||
Subjective social isolation | Number of persons | 2.28 ± 2.66 | 2.76 ± 2.91c | 1.83 ± 2.27b | 1.29 ± 2.07a | 195.03 (< .001) (a < b < c)* | |