Table 1 Characteristics of REGARDS study participants included in the current analysis
From: Frailty, gaps in care coordination, and preventable adverse events
Characteristics | Overall | Not frail | Intermediate-frail | Frail | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 5024) | (n = 2398) | (n = 2436) | (n = 190) | ||
Demographic characteristics | |||||
 Age, years | 73.5 ± 6.1 | 72.9 ± 5.8 | 74.0 ± 6.2 | 74.2 ± 6.8 |  < 0.001 |
 Female | 2799 (55.7) | 1269 (52.9) | 1402 (57.6) | 128 (67.4) |  < 0.001 |
 Black | 1615 (32.2) | 763 (31.8) | 784 (32.2) | 68 (35.8) | 0.528 |
 Annual income < $25,000 | 937 (19.8) | 359 (15.8) | 512 (22.4) | 66 (38.6) |  < 0.001 |
 Less than high school education | 254 (5.1) | 94 (3.9) | 137 (5.6) | 23 (12.1) |  < 0.001 |
 Marital status, Married | 2972 (59.3) | 1510 (63.2) | 1378 (56.7) | 84 (44.2) |  < 0.001 |
 Geographic region of residencea | |||||
  Stroke belt | 1602 (31.9) | 745 (31.1) | 799 (32.8) | 58 (30.5) | 0.579 |
  Stroke buckle | 1079 (21.5) | 535 (22.3) | 503 (20.7) | 41 (21.6) | |
  Other US regions | 2343 (46.6) | 1118 (46.6) | 1134 (46.6) | 91 (47.9) | |
 Rural areab | 499 (11.0) | 229 (10.6) | 252 (11.4) | 18 (9.9) | 0.604 |
Clinical characteristics | |||||
 Hypertension | 3461 (68.9) | 1591 (66.4) | 1718 (70.5) | 152 (80.0) |  < 0.001 |
 Hyperlipidemia | 3102 (63.8) | 1463 (62.7) | 1508 (64.1) | 131 (72.0) | 0.039 |
 Diabetes | 1240 (25.5) | 525 (22.5) | 643 (27.4) | 72 (39.1) |  < 0.001 |
 History of myocardial infarction | 746 (15.4) | 291 (12.5) | 414 (17.6) | 41 (22.8) |  < 0.001 |
 Prior coronary revascularization | 796 (15.9) | 333 (13.9) | 425 (17.5) | 38 (20.0) | 0.001 |
 History of stroke | 285 (5.7) | 97 (4.1) | 165 (6.8) | 23 (12.2) |  < 0.001 |
 Chronic kidney disease | 1885 (40.3) | 828 (36.5) | 965 (43.1) | 92 (52.9) |  < 0.001 |
 Atrial fibrillation | 581 (12.1) | 237 (10.3) | 315 (13.6) | 29 (16.2) | 0.001 |
 Self-rated health | |||||
  Excellent | 652 (13.0) | 412 (17.3) | 232 (9.6) | 8 (4.2) |  < 0.001 |
  Very good/good | 3684 (73.6) | 1807 (75.6) | 1773 (73.1) | 104 (54.7) | |
  Fair/poor | 669 (13.4) | 170 (7.1) | 421 (17.4) | 78 (41.1) | |
 Self-reported disability | |||||
  Disability in ≥ 1 ADL task | 556 (11.1) | 113 (4.7) | 371 (15.3) | 72 (37.9) |  < 0.001 |
  Disability in ≥ 1 IADL task | 1596 (31.8) | 489 (20.4) | 976 (40.1) | 131 (69.0) |  < 0.001 |
Frailty indicators | |||||
 Low BMI | 40 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 32 (1.3) | 8 (4.2) |  < 0.001 |
 Exhaustion | 611 (12.3) | 0 (0.0) | 479 (19.8) | 132 (69.5) |  < 0.001 |
 Slow walk | 1012 (20.5) | 0 (0.0) | 864 (36.1) | 148 (77.9) |  < 0.001 |
 Weakness | 920 (20.1) | 0 (0.0) | 784 (36.2) | 136 (85.5) |  < 0.001 |
 History of falls | 1156 (23.1) | 0 (0.0) | 990 (40.8) | 166 (87.8) |  < 0.001 |
Ambulatory utilization | |||||
 Number of ambulatory visits in the past 12 months, median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 5 (3,8) | 5 (3,7) | 5 (3,8) | 6 (4,10) |  < 0.001 |
 Number of ambulatory providers in the past 12 months, median (25th, 75th percentiles) | 3 (2,4) | 3 (2,4) | 3 (2,4) | 3 (3,5) |  < 0.001 |