Table 2 Comparison of the demographic and clinical characteristics of patients who died and those who survived

Age (years), mean ± SD

81.5 ± 8.5

77.9 ± 9.9

0.007

Male sex, n (%)

25 (40.3%)

112 (26.0%)

0.023

Body mass index (kg/m.²), mean ± SD

21.8 ± 4.2

22.4 ± 3.9

0.123

Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), n (%)

  - < 3

0 (0.0%)

39 (9.1%)

0.009

  - ≥ 3

62 (100.0%)

391 (90.9%)

Pre-injury ambulatory status, n (%)

  - Bedridden

1 (1.6%)

14 (3.3%)

0.021

  - Indoor dependent

10 (16.1%)

33 (7.7%)

  - Outdoor dependent

1 (1.6%)

15 (3.5%)

  - Indoor independent

24 (38.7%)

121 (28.1%)

  - Outdoor independent

26 (42.0%)

247 (57.4%)

Assistive device, n (%)

  - No ambulation

1 (1.6%)

14 (3.3%)

0.421

  - Without assistive device

26 (41.9%)

233 (54.2%)

  - Wheelchair

2 (3.2%)

8 (1.9%)

  - Walker

17 (27.4%)

74 (17.2%)

  - Quad cane

0 (0.0%)

3 (0.7%)

  - Tripod cane

4 (6.5%)

23 (5.3%)

  - Single cane

12 (19.4%)

75 (17.4%)

Type of fracture, n (%)

  - Femoral neck fracture

20 (32.3%)

228 (53.0%)

0.001

  - Intertrochanteric fracture

42 (67.7%)

199 (46.3%)

  - Subtrochanteric fracture

0 (0.0%)

3 (0.7%)

Treatment, n (%)

  - Conservative treatment

13 (21.0%)

19 (4.4%)

0.022

  - Dynamic hip screw

5 (8.1%)

31 (7.2%)

  - Cephalomedullary nailing

27 (43.5%)

175 (40.7%)

  - Multiple screw fixation

2 (3.2%)

17 (4.0%)

  - Hemiarthroplasty

15 (24.2%)

180 (41.8%)

  - Total hip arthroplasty

0 (0.0%)

8 (1.9%)

Time to surgery n (%)

  - ≤ 48 h

19 (38.8%)

214 (52.1%)

0.096

  - > 48 h

30 (61.2%)

197 (47.9%)

Comorbidities, n (%)

  - Chronic kidney disease stage 4 or severe

44 (71.0%)

86 (20.0%)

  - Heart disease

41 (66.1%)

82 (19.1%)

  - Cerebrovascular accident

24 (38.7%)

79 (18.4%)

  - Lung disease

17 (27.4%)

17 (4.0%)

  - Dementia

27 (43.5%)

54 (12.6%)