Table 1 Selected 2015 background characteristics of community-dwelling NHATS participants based on 2016 financial strain status before propensity score weighting (n = 4,335)
| Â | No financial strain | Financial strain | p value | Standardized mean difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | 4,062 (94) | 273 (6) | 0.0001 | -0.31 |
Age % | Â | Â | 0.0001 | -0.31 |
 65 to 69 (ref.) | 32.1 | 42.9 |  |  |
 70 to 74 | 29.3 | 31.0 |  |  |
 75 to 79 | 19.5 | 15.4 |  |  |
 80 to 84 | 11.3 | 7.9 |  |  |
 85 to 89 | 5.7 | 2.3 |  |  |
 90 +  | 2.0 | 0.5 |  |  |
Gender % | Â | Â | 0.19 | 0.09 |
 Male (ref.) | 45.2 | 39.5 |  |  |
 Female | 54.8 | 60.5 |  |  |
Race/ethnicity % |  |  |  < 0.0001 | 0.38 |
 White (ref.) | 83.3 | 54.0 |  |  |
 Black | 7.2 | 21.2 |  |  |
 Hispanic | 6.7 | 16.9 |  |  |
 Other | 2.8 | 7.9 |  |  |
Mean income to poverty ratio mean (SE) | 4.6 (0.2) | 2.1 (0.3) |  < 0.0001 | -0.25 |
Educational achievement % |  |  |  < 0.0001 | -0.23 |
  < High school (ref) | 14.1 | 27.5 |  |  |
 High school | 25.1 | 25.3 |  |  |
 Some college | 29.4 | 31.1 |  |  |
 Bachelors or higher | 31.3 | 16.1 |  |  |
Occupation % |  |  |  < 0.0001 | 0.16 |
 Professional (ref.) | 41.6 | 26.1 |  |  |
 Service | 10.8 | 20.8 |  |  |
Sales/office | 20.7 | 20.7 | Â | Â |
 Construction/farming | 10.1 | 9.7 |  |  |
 Production | 14.8 | 21.8 |  |  |
 Homemaker | 2.0 | 0.9 |  |  |
Homeownership % |  |  |  < 0.0001 | -0.69 |
 Rent (ref.) | 18.6 | 47.3 |  |  |
 Own with mortgage | 30.3 | 36.6 |  |  |
 Own without payments | 51.3 | 16.1 |  |  |
Retirement status % | Â | Â | 0.42 | -0.03 |
 No (ref.) | 55.7 | 58.9 |  |  |
 Yes | 44.3 | 41.1 |  |  |
Section 8 housing % |  |  |  < 0.0001 | 0.27 |
 No (ref.) | 97.0 | 87.8 |  |  |
 Yes | 3.0 | 12.2 |  |  |
Medicaid (%) |  |  |  < 0.0001 | 0.30 |
 No (ref.) | 90.7 | 75.2 |  |  |
 Yes | 9.3 | 24.8 |  |  |
Food or energy assistance % |  |  |  < 0.0001 | 0.47 |
 No (ref.) | 91.7 | 65.7 |  |  |
 Yes | 8.3 | 34.3 |  |  |
Childhood health % |  |  |  < 0.0001 | 0.26 |
 Excellent (ref.) | 52.5 | 38.7 |  |  |
 Very good | 27.0 | 26.4 |  |  |
 Good | 14.7 | 22.0 |  |  |
 Fair | 4.5 | 7.3 |  |  |
 Poor | 1.3 | 5.5 |  |  |
Marital status % |  |  |  < 0.0001 | 0.22 |
 Married (ref.) | 61.1 | 42.2 |  |  |
 Separated/divorced | 13.6 | 29.4 |  |  |
 Widowed | 22.0 | 23.9 |  |  |
 Never married | 3.3 | 4.6 |  |  |
U.S. region % | Â | Â | 0.19 | -0.05 |
 New England (ref.) | 5.8 | 5.7 |  |  |
 Mid-Atlantic | 11.8 | 16.2 |  |  |
 East North Central | 13.9 | 11.7 |  |  |
 West North Central | 9.8 | 11.2 |  |  |
 South Atlantic | 20.1 | 17.7 |  |  |
 East South Central | 6.7 | 6.0 |  |  |
 West South Central | 11.0 | 16.6 |  |  |
 Mountain | 3.1 | 2.6 |  |  |
 Pacific | 17.9 | 12.3 |  |  |