Table 4 Factors affecting change in muscle mass, change in hand grip strength, and change in gait speed using linear regression
Change in Muscle mass | Beta (95% CI) | p-value |
Gender | ||
Male | − 0.19 (− 0.42–0.05) | 0.117 |
Female | Ref | – |
Age | ||
60–69 | 0.13 (− 0.11–0.37) | 0.285 |
70 and above | Ref | – |
Highest Qualification | ||
Up to primary education | 0.36 (0.08–0.64) | 0.012 |
Secondary education and beyond | Ref | – |
WHOQoL | ||
Domain 3 | 0 (−0.04–0.04) | 0.977 |
Domain 4 | 0.04 (−0.02–0.11) | 0.187 |
Length of review interval | −0.003 (− 0.004--0.002) | < 0.001 |
Change in BMI | 0.11 (0.05–0.17) | < 0.001 |
Change in HbA1c | 0.1 (−0.01–0.22) | 0.080 |
Change in medication class | ||
Increase in medication | 0.39 (0.06–0.71) | 0.019 |
Decrease in medication | −0.54 (−1.63–0.54) | 0.327 |
No change | Ref | – |
Change in Insulin | ||
Increase in insulin | 0.19 (−0.35–0.72) | 0.496 |
Decrease in insulin | 0.17 (−0.55–0.89) | 0.641 |
No change | Ref | – |
Change in medication dosage | ||
Increase in dosage | −0.21 (− 0.52–0.11) | 0.203 |
Decrease in dosage | −0.05 (− 0.41–0.32) | 0.807 |
No change | Ref | – |
Change in Hand Grip Strength | Beta (95% CI) | p-value |
Gender | ||
Male | −0.71 (−1.71–0.3) | 0.167 |
Female | Ref | – |
Age | ||
60–69 | −0.16 (−1.17–0.84) | 0.751 |
70 and above | Ref | – |
Highest Qualification | ||
Up to primary education | 0.81 (−0.38–1.99) | 0.182 |
Secondary education and beyond | Ref | – |
Living | ||
Alone | −2.01 (−4.35–0.33) | 0.092 |
With family/ Domestic helper | Ref | – |
Change in PASE | 0 (0–0.01) | 0.146 |
Change in HbA1c | 0.45 (−0.04–0.94) | 0.069 |
Length of review interval | 0 (0–0.01) | 0.148 |
Change in medication class | ||
Increase in medication | −1.19 (−2.54–0.16) | 0.084 |
Decrease in medication | 1.09 (−3.48–5.67) | 0.639 |
No change | Ref | – |
Change in Insulin | ||
Increase in insulin | 0.47 (−1.77–2.72) | 0.681 |
Decrease in insulin | −2.55 (−5.55–0.44) | 0.094 |
No change | Ref | – |
Change in medication dosage | ||
Increase in dosage | 1.21 (−0.14–2.57) | 0.079 |
Decrease in dosage | 0.56 (−1.01–2.12) | 0.485 |
No change | Ref | – |
Change in Gait speed | Beta (95% CI) | p-value |
Gender | ||
Male | 0.01 (−0.04–0.05) | 0.812 |
Female | Ref | – |
Age | ||
60–69 | −0.01 (− 0.05–0.03) | 0.575 |
70 and above | Ref | – |
Length of review interval | 0 (0–0) | 0.607 |
Change in HbA1c | 0 (−0.02–0.02) | 0.720 |
Marital status | ||
Married | Ref | – |
Single | −0.13 (−0.25--0.01) | 0.029 |
Divorced/Separated | 0.03 (−0.07–0.14) | 0.515 |
Widowed | 0.01 (−0.06–0.08) | 0.713 |
WHOQoL | ||
Domain 1 | 0.01 (0–0.02) | 0.024 |
Change in medication class | ||
Increase in medication | 0.01 (−0.05–0.07) | 0.732 |
Decrease in medication | −0.09 (− 0.28–0.1) | 0.370 |
No change | Ref | – |
Change in Insulin | ||
Increase in insulin | −0.01 (− 0.11–0.08) | 0.791 |
Decrease in insulin | −0.02 (− 0.14–0.11) | 0.807 |
No change | Ref | – |
Change in medication dosage | ||
Increase in dosage | −0.03 (− 0.08–0.03) | 0.376 |
Decrease in dosage | −0.07 (− 0.14--0.01) | 0.033 |
No change | Ref | – |