Table 1 Characteristics of study participants according to sleep quality among the elderly in the UK

Sociodemographic characteristics

 Age, years

63.6 ± 2.7

63.6 ± 2.8

63.6 ± 2.7

0.059

 Female

1182(52.8)

15,737(50.6)

9093(50.0)

0.029

 Townsend Index

− 1.8 ± 2.8

−1.9 ± 2.7

− 2.0 ± 2.7

0.003

 College or university degree

842(37.6)

12,683(40.8)

7769(42.7)

< 0.001

 Ethnicity, white race

2195(98.3)

30,525(98.5)

17,879(98.5)

0.580

 BMI, kg/m²

27.1 ± 4.3

26.9 ± 4.2

26.8 ± 4.2

< 0.001

 Sum MET, min

2550 ± 2551

2614 ± 2485

2584 ± 2407

0.022

 Depression score

0.43 ± 0.95

0.33 ± 0.81

0.30 ± 0.75

< 0.001

 Current or former smoker

1078(48.2)

14,817(47.6)

8515(46.8)

0.136

 Current or former alcohol drinker

2164(96.7)

30,140(96.9)

17,670(97.1)

0.415

NCDs

 Hypertension

289(12.9)

3698(11.9)

1991(10.9)

< 0.001

 Diabetes

115(5.1)

1453(4.7)

782(4.3)

0.063

 Cataract

109(4.9)

1397(4.5)

805(4.4)

0.624

 Stroke

55(2.5)

670(2.2)

368(2.0)

0.324

 CHD

149(6.7)

1934(6.2)

1015(5.6)

0.006

 COPD

51(2.3)

592(1.9)

326(1.8)

0.251

 Asthma

166(7.6)

2420(8.0)

1259(7.1)

0.002

 Migraine

85(3.8)

1051(3.4)

565(3.1)

0.110

Low-risk sleep characteristics

 Early chronotype

57(3.2)

13,141(48.7)

15,655(89.3)

< 0.001

 Sleep 7–8 h/day

160(7.2)

19,675(63.3)

17,035(93.6)

< 0.001

 Never/rarely insomnia

18(0.8)

4738(14.1)

8833(48.5)

< 0.001

 No self-reported snoring

41(2.1)

15,063(52.4)

16,147(90.0)

< 0.001

 No frequent daytime sleepiness

1893(84.9)

30,324(97.6)

18,168(99.8)

< 0.001

EQ-5D-5L

 Utility score

0.867 ± 0.147

0.881 ± 0.137

0.889 ± 0.129

< 0.001

Problems of Dimensions

 Mobility

832(37.2)

10,966(35.3)

6068(33.3)

< 0.001

 Self-care

286(12.8)

3344(10.8)

1746(9.6)

< 0.001

 Usual activities

932(41.6)

11,611(37.3)

6450(35.4)

< 0.001

 Pain/discomfort

1351(60.4)

17,968(57.8)

10,235(56.2)

< 0.001

 Anxiety/depression

588(26.3)

6922(22.3)

3658(20.1)

< 0.001