Table 1 Characteristics of the total cohort (n = 2,368) and males (n = 1,050) and females (n = 1,318)

Age, years^a

62.6 (12.3)

63.2 (12.5)

62.1 (12.4)

0.0171

 50–65

1,425 (60%)

619 (59%)

806 (61%)

0.277

  > 65

943 (40%)

431 (41%)

512 (39%)

Weight, kg^a

77.5 (20.9)

84.5 (18.1)

71.3 (18.6)

 < 0.001

Height, cm^a

167.5 (14.0)

175.9 (9.5)

162.5 (8.6)

 < 0.001

Body mass index, kg/m^2a

27.3 (6.0)

27.5 (5.2)

27.1 (6.9)

0.0424

 Normal, n (%)

690 (29%)

265 (25%)

425 (33%)

 < 0.001

 Overweight, n (%)

1,019 (43%)

510 (49%)

509 (39%)

 Obese, n (%)

659 (28%)

275 (26%)

384 (29%)

SF-36 MCS, (1–100 points) ^a

62.2 (15.7)

62.5 (14.7)

61.9 (16.3)

0.2114

SF-36 PCS, (1–100 points) ^a

50.5 (11.0)

50.8 (9.8)

50.2 (11.9)

0.0631

Highest level of education

 None/some high school

1325 (56%)

568 (54%)

757 (57%)

0.104

 High school/Tertiary

1043 (44%)

482 (46%)

561 (43%)

Alcohol, g/d^a

7.3 (20.0)

13.7 (26.7)

3.5 (12.7)

 < 0.001

Smoking status, n (%)

 Current smoker

129 (5%)

63 (6%)

66 (5%)

 < 0.001

 Ex-smoker

858 (36%)

467 (45%)

391 (30%)

 Non-smoker

1381 (58%)

520 (50%)

861 (65%)

Diabetes status, n (%)

 Normal

1757 (74%)

712 (68%)

1045 (79%)

 < 0.001

 Diabetes

242 (10%)

135 (13%)

107 (8%)

 Impaired fasting glucose

369 (16%)

203 (19%)

166 (13%)

Cardiovascular disease risk, n (%)

 Yes

1181 (50%)

593 (56%)

588 (45%)

 < 0.001

 No

1187 (50%)

457 (44%)

730 (55%)

Physical activity, min/wk ^a

240 (420)

270 (480)

210 (360)

 < 0.001

 Sufficient, n (%)

1515 (64%)

699 (67%)

816 (62%)

0.050

 Insufficient, n (%)

609 (26%)

246 (23%)

363 (28%)

Depressive symptoms, n (%)

 No

2144 (90%)

962 (92%)

1182 (90%)

0.119

 Mild

133 (6%)

57 (5%)

76 (6%)

 Severe

91 (4%)

31 (3%)

60 (4%)

CESD score

0.10 (0.29)

0.08 (0.28)

0.10 (0.30)

0.1095

Income per year, n (%)

  ≥ $80,000,

838 (39%)

446 (44%)

392 (34%)

 < 0.001

 $40,000–79,999

636 (29%)

285 (28%)

351 (30%)

 $30,000–39,999

229 (11%)

106 (11%)

123 (11%)

 $20,000–29,999

240 (11%)

96 (10%)

144 (12%)

 $10,000–19,999

185 (9%)

60 (6%)

125 (11%)

 $0–9,999

31 (1%)

8 (1%)

23 (2%)

Lower leg muscle strength, kg^a

23.3 (17.0)

30.4 (19.4)

18.9 (13.6)

 < 0.001

Timed-up-and-go, sec^a

5.84 (1.72)

5.66 (1.72)

6.02 (1.76)

 < 0.001

Cognitive Reserve [STW (0–60)] ^a

51 (7)

50 (7)

51 (6)

0.0628

Processing Speed [SDMT (0–110)] ^a

50 (13)

48 (13)

51 (12)

 < 0.001

Verbal Learning [CVLT (0–16)] ^a

6 (3)

6 (3)

7 (4)

 < 0.001

Global Cognition [MMSE (0–30)] ^a

29 (1)

28 (2)

29 (2)

 < 0.001