Table 1 Baseline (1990–1992) participant characteristics by frailty status at visit 5 (2011–2013)
From: Subclinical cardiovascular disease and frailty risk: the atherosclerosis risk in communities study
Characteristic | Frailty | Pre-Frailty | Robust | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
(N = 360) | (N = 2417) | (N = 2422) | ||
Demographic Variables | ||||
 Age, years | 57.33 ± 5.56 | 55.88 ± 5.25 | 53.87 ± 4.65 | < 0.001 |
 Male sex | 121/360 (33.6) | 960/2417 (39.7) | 1080/2422 (44.6) | < 0.001 |
 African Americans | 92/360 (25.6) | 542/2417 (22.4) | 430/2422 (17.8) | < 0.001 |
 Education |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
  Less than high school | 90/360 (25.0) | 366/2411 (15.2) | 247/2419 (10.2) |  |
  High school | 129/360 (35.8) | 799/2411 (33.1) | 747/2419 (30.9) |  |
  College | 141/360 (39.2) | 1246/2411 (51.7) | 1425/2419 (58.9) |  |
 Smoking |  |  |  | 0.142 |
  Never | 172/359 (47.9) | 1079/2410 (44.8) | 1082/2419 (44.7) |  |
  Former | 130/359 (36.2) | 913/2410 (37.9) | 972/2419 (40.2) |  |
  Current | 57/359 (15.9) | 418/2410 (17.3) | 365/2419 (15.1) |  |
 Drinking |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
  Never | 84/358 (23.5) | 547/2410 (22.7) | 466/2418 (19.3) |  |
  Former | 86/358 (24.0) | 425/2410 (17.6) | 342/2418 (14.1) |  |
  Current | 188/358 (52.5) | 1438/2410 (59.7) | 1610/2418 (66.6) |  |
Physiological and Lab Variables | ||||
 Body mass index, kg/m2 | 30.57 ± 6.58 | 28.11 ± 5.07 | 26.67 ± 4.40 | < 0.001 |
 SBP, mmHg | 122.49 ± 18.12 | 118.85 ± 16.38 | 115.59 ± 16.23 | < 0.001 |
 DBP, mmHg | 73.06 ± 10.13 | 71.97 ± 9.65 | 71.77 ± 9.87 | < 0.001 |
 Heart rate, /min | 67.06 ± 9.47 | 65.1 ± 9.85 | 64.19 ± 9.60 | < 0.001 |
 Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 5.43 ± 0.94 | 5.43 ± 1.00 | 5.32 ± 0.94 | < 0.001 |
 HDL, mg/dl | 1.22 (0.96–1.5) | 1.24 (1.01–1.55) | 1.24 (1.01–1.6) | 0.044 |
 LDL, mg/dl | 3.44 ± 0.86 | 3.45 ± 0.95 | 3.35 ± 0.88 | < 0.001 |
 Triglycerides, mg/dl | 1.34 (0.95–1.9) | 1.29 (0.94–1.8) | 1.19 (0.86–1.7) | < 0.001 |
 Creatinine, mg/ml | 1.12 ± 0.18 | 1.13 ± 0.19 | 1.14 ± 0.18 | < 0.001 |
 Blood glucose, mmol/l | 6.36 ± 2.35 | 6.05 ± 1.86 | 5.79 ± 1.37 | 0.001 |
Chronic Medical Conditions | ||||
 Hypertension | 120/359 (33.4) | 602/2413 (24.9) | 431/2415 (17.8) | < 0.001 |
 Diabetes mellitus | 60/359 (16.7) | 251/2410 (10.4) | 129/2415 (5.3) | < 0.001 |
 Cancer | 60/354 (16.9) | 408/2372 (17.2) | 358/2394 (15) | 0.099 |
 COPD | 2/218 (0.9) | 20/1591 (1.3) | 22/1658 (1.3) | 0.878 |
 Cognition Z scorea | −0.32 ± 1.07 | 0.10 ± 0.95 | 0.22 ± 0.83 | < 0.001 |