Table 1 Clinical characteristics in all patients and the DAO category groups

Age

78.3 ± 6.7

76.1 ± 6.7

76.1 ± 6.4

80.8 ± 5.8^*♰

80.2 ± 6.4^*♰

 < 0.001^§

Male (%)

35.5

25.0

45.9^*

24.8^♰

47.3^*‡

 < 0.001^§

BMI (kg/m²)

23.4 ± 3.7

21.2 ± 2.2

26.0 ± 2.8^*

20.9 ± 3.0^♰

25.8 ± 3.0^*‡

 < 0.001^§

MNA-SF score

11.1 ± 2.4

10.2 ± 2.6

12.5 ± 1.7^*

10.2 ± 2.3^♰

11.6 ± 2.2^*♰‡

 < 0.001^§

Education (years)

12.2 ± 2.6

12.6 ± 2.3

13.0 ± 2.7

11.7 ± 2.6^♰

11.5 ± 2.6^*♰

 < 0.001^§

GDS-15-J score

4.7 ± 3.2

4.6 ± 3.3

3.9 ± 3.2

4.9 ± 2.9

5.4 ± 3.4^♰

0.014^§

Diabetes mellitus (%)

52.7

39.4

53.3

52.2

66.7^*

0.002^§

Hypertension (%)

75.9

67.7

85.0^*

69.6^♰

81.5

0.006^§

Dyslipidemia (%)

65.4

62.2

70.6

58.4

71.0

0.141

Stroke (%)

9.2

4.0

10.1

5.3

18.3^*‡

0.002^§

Ischemic heart disease (%)

14.4

9.0

15.3

15.0

18.5

0.294

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

134 ± 19

132 ± 19

136 ± 17

133 ± 18

136 ± 20

0.185

Albumin (g/dl)

4.0 ± 0.3

4.0 ± 0.3

4.0 ± 0.3

3.8 ± 0.4^*♰

3.9 ± 0.4^♰

 < 0.001^§

HbA1c (%)

6.5 ± 0.9

6.3 ± 0.7

6.6 ± 1.0

6.4 ± 0.8

6.7 ± 0.9^*

0.016^§

LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

110 ± 28

115 ± 29

111 ± 28

110 ± 26

105 ± 29

0.143

HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)

59 ± 15

66 ± 18

54 ± 14^*

61 ± 14^♰

53 ± 12^*‡

 < 0.001^§

TG (mg/dl)

132 ± 72

115 ± 57

145 ± 70^*

117 ± 58^♰

152 ± 94^*‡

 < 0.001^§

eGFR (ml/min)

58.3 ± 17.3

59.9 ± 15.9

57.2 ± 15.0

58.3 ± 17.7

57.9 ± 20.7

0.730

hsCRP (mg/dl)

0.23 ± 0.75

0.10 ± 0.16

0.15 ± 0.19

0.29 ± 1.04

0.39 ± 1.09

0.059

BNP (pg/ml)

66.0 ± 97.7

43.7 ± 44.7

58.2 ± 92.6

82.9 ± 135.7^*

79.8 ± 87.5

0.019^§

Handgrip strength (male) (kg)

27.9 ± 6.4

32.1 ± 3.6

33.2 ± 4.0

23.5 ± 3.6^*♰

22.3 ± 4.2^*♰

 < 0.001^§

Handgrip strength (female) (kg)

18.0 ± 4.5

21.7 ± 2.6

21.5 ± 3.2

14.4 ± 2.7^*♰

14.6 ± 2.5^*♰

 < 0.001^§

ASMI (male) (kg/m²)

7.17 ± 0.80

6.92 ± 0.95

7.65 ± 0.57^*

6.61 ± 0.54^♰

7.12 ± 0.76^♰‡

 < 0.001^§

ASMI (female) (kg/m²)

5.82 ± 0.81

5.73 ± 0.52

6.37 ± 0.74^*

5.34 ± 0.84^*♰

6.12 ± 0.69^*‡

 < 0.001^§

Sarcopenia (%)

46.3

45.0

18.9^*

77.9^*♰

41.9^♰‡

 < 0.001^§

Gait speed (m/s)

1.12 ± 0.30

1.26 ± 0.29

1.17 ± 0.27

1.03 ± 0.30^*♰

1.01 ± 0.28^*♰

 < 0.001^§

Slow gait speed (%)

30.8

15.2

26.1

42.9^*

38.9^*

 < 0.001^§

Waist circumference (male) (cm)

88.3 ± 8.1

80.2 ± 3.7

94.0 ± 6.2^*

79.7 ± 3.3^♰

91.7 ± 5.3^*‡

 < 0.001^§

Waist circumference (female) (cm)

87.5 ± 11.4

80.0 ± 6.5

98.6 ± 7.8^*

80.2 ± 6.8^♰

98.0 ± 7.5^*

 < 0.001^§

Body-fat percentage (male) (%)

26.5 ± 6.2

22.5 ± 6.6

27.8 ± 5.6^*

22.8 ± 5.7^♰

29.8 ± 4.5^*‡

 < 0.001^§

Body-fat percentage (female) (%)

32.0 ± 9.2

27.4 ± 7.0

38.6 ± 6.1^*

27.1 ± 8.4^♰

39.4 ± 6.1^*‡

 < 0.001^§