Table 3. Fixed effects logistic regression for regularly taking prescription pain medication

   mild

2.182***

2.148***

1.982***

(1.982,2.402)

(1.951,2.366)

(1.796,2.187)

   moderate

3.115***

3.038***

2.660***

(2.865,3.387)

(2.793,3.304)

(2.439,2.900)

severe

5.148***

5.017***

4.124***

(4.498,5.893)

(4.381,5.746)

(3.581,4.749)

   separated/divorced/absent

1.055

1.022

0.825

(0.872,1.277)

(0.836,1.248)

(0.671,1.015)

   widowed

1.320***

1.256**

0.847

(1.130,1.543)

(1.069,1.476)

(0.714,1.005)

   never married

1.013

1.017

0.736

(0.640,1.605)

(0.632,1.637)

(0.445,1.215)

   unemployed

1.005

1.049

0.910

(0.811,1.246)

(0.840,1.310)

(0.725,1.141)

   out of labor force

1.916***

1.733***

1.177**

(1.722,2.132)

(1.553,1.934)

(1.047,1.322)

   1-49 hours

0.967

0.996

1.067

(0.872,1.072)

(0.895,1.108)

(0.956,1.190)

   50-99 hours

0.843**

0.877

0.957

(0.741,0.958)

(0.768,1.001)

(0.836,1.096)

   100-199 hours

0.810**

0.826**

0.931

(0.707,0.927)

(0.718,0.950)

(0.806,1.074)

   200+ hours

0.734***

0.766**

0.908

(0.619,0.870)

(0.643,0.914)

(0.758,1.087)

# grandchildren

1.025***

1.021**

1.003

(1.012,1.039)

(1.007,1.036)

(0.988,1.017)

Depression score

1.026*

(1.005,1.047)

# doctor visits last 2 yrs

1.004***

(1.002,1.006)

ADL

1.145***

(1.093,1.199)

IADL

0.970

(0.897,1.050)

Self-rated health

1.152***

(1.101,1.206)

# health conditions

1.357***

(1.273,1.445)

Has health insurance

0.915*

(0.839,0.998)

Rural (vs. Urban)

1.108

(0.897,1.369)

# living children

1.012

(0.943,1.086)

# living siblings

0.963

(0.896,1.034)

Any source of help

1.117**

(1.027,1.215)

Age

1.063***

(1.049,1.077)

Log-likelihood

-8965.268

-9466.752

-9395.419

-9463.884

-9466.329

-8895.130

-8575.661

Model chi-square

1015.6***

12.7**

155.3***

18.4***

13.5***

1155.9***

1794.8***