Table 1 Characteristics of the included primary studies
From: Standards and quality of care for older persons in long term care facilities: a scoping review
Author and publication year | Country | Study design | Number of study participants | Intervention/standard | Standard procedure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bravo et al., 2002 [56] | Canada | Longitudinal study cohort | 299 from 88 LTCFs | Regulation | Regulation of LTCFs |
Broderick, 2013 [58] | Ireland | Qualitative study | 65 records of 6 residents | Nursing documentation and person-centred care | Documentation of nursing care |
Burgio et al., 1994 [47] | USA | Multiphase study (Quasi-experimental study) | 41 from 1 LTCF | Prompted voiding | Treatment of urinary incontinence using different (1-h, 2-h, and 3-h) prompted voiding schedules compared to the standard 2-h schedule |
Fleishman et al., 1990 [60] | Israel | Cross-sectional study | 136 residents in 9 units (4 private and 5 public LTCFs) | Quality of care assessment (Tracer method) | Medical, nursing, and psychosocial standards of care (using hypertension, vision difficulties, Hearing difficulties, oral health problems, mobility problems, difficulty in washing, difficulty in dressing, difficulty in brushing teeth, urinary incontinence, feeling of loneliness, and lack of autonomy tracers) |
Kirkevold and Engedal, 2006 [59] | Norway | Cross-sectional study | 1926 residents | Regulation of quality of care | Patients’ right to decide when to go to bed, when to eat, when to have visitors and how to have a private life in the institution; patient’s right to have skilled help to manage dressing, personal hygiene, visits to the toilet and in preparing a meal; and patient’s right to take part in leisure activities, including going for a walk outside the institution. |
Krichbaum et al., 2005 [48] | USA | Quasi-experimental study | 319 residents from 3 Nursing Homes | Nursing intervention model | Two-tiered nursing intervention model of nursing care. First tier: Called for gerontological advanced practice nurses (GAPNs) to provide direct care and to teach staff to implement care protocols for residents with incontinence, pressure ulcers, depression, and aggression Second tier: Use of GAPN, the use of protocols to guide care for residents, and the addition of specific organisation-level interventions by the GAPNs. |
Lai et al., 2017 [57] | Hong Kong | Randomised control trial | 52 from 5 Nursing Homes | Prompted voiding interventions | Use of prompted voiding by nursing home staff in managing urinary incontinence among residents |
Niwata et.al., 2006 [61] | Japan | Retrospective cross-sectional study | 1669 from LTCFs | Medication safety | 2003 Beers criteria for determining inappropriate medication) |
Rolland et al., 2016 [62] | France | Prospective cohort study | 6275 residents, 6275 from 175 Nursing Homes | Provision of Professional support to nursing home staff | Use of Global intervention comprising of professional support and education for nursing home staff on quality indicators and functional decline and emergency department transfers of residents |
Ryden et al., 2000 [49] | USA | Quasi-experimental study | 2 LTCF, 86 residents | Provision of Professional support to LTCFs staff (Use of Advance Practice Nurses in LTCFs) | Advanced practice gerontological nurses working with staff to implement scientifically-based protocols for incontinence, pressure ulcers, depression, and aggressive behaviour |
Schnelle et al., 1989 [50] | USA | Randomised control trial | 126 residents from 6 Nursing Homes | Prompted voiding treatment of urinary incontinence | Check incontinent patients on an hourly basis, ask if they needed toileting assistance (prompted), and socially reinforced for appropriate toileting |
Schnelle et al., 1990 [51] | USA | Controlled experimental evaluation | 126 residents from 6 Nursing Homes | Prompted voiding programme | Ask the patients on a regular schedule if they need toileting assistance |
Schnelle et al., 1991 [52] | USA | Statistical quality-control | 81from 4 Nursing Homes | Prompted voiding toileting procedure | Treatment of incontinence patients with prompted-voiding toileting procedure (Setting job standards by specifying how dry the patients should be if toileted on a 2-h schedule; and use of a job-monitoring control chart to continuously assess how well the job standards were being met) |
Schnelle et al., 1993 [53] | USA | Quasi-experimental study | 344 residents from 7 Nursing Homes | Prompted voiding programme | Prompted voiding assessment, and adherence to a 2-h prompted voiding schedule between 7:00 a.m. and 7:00 p.m. |
Simmons et al., 2013 [55] | USA | Cross-sectional study | 169 in 4 community LTCFs | Morning care provision | Staff assistance with either transfer out of bed, dressing, and/or incontinence |
Shannon et al. 2012 [54] | USA | Randomised, controlled prospective cohort study | 133 residents in 2 Nursing Homes | Prevention of Pressure Ulcer | Pressure Ulcer Prevention Programme against the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality guidelines and a mixture of assortment of commercial skin care products, briefs, pads, and mattresses. |