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Table 3 Multiple regression analysis of differences of walking time from 2016 to 2019 in older adults who walked ≥ 60 min/day at baseline

From: Social participation and change in walking time among older adults: a 3-year longitudinal study from the JAGES

N = 22,500

Crude Model

Model 1

Model 2

β

t

95% CI

p

β

t

95% CI

p

β

t

95% CI

p

Volunteer

2.19

4.72

(1.28 to 3.10)

 < 0.001

2.34

5.04

(1.43 to 3.25)

 < 0.001

2.15

4.61

(1.23 to 3.06)

 < 0.001

Sports

3.24

7.61

(2.41 to 4.07)

 < 0.001

3.33

7.81

(2.49 to 4.16)

 < 0.001

2.88

6.68

(2.04 to 3.73)

 < 0.001

Hobby

1.89

4.59

(1.08 to 2.70)

 < 0.001

2.19

5.26

(1.37 to 3.00)

 < 0.001

1.71

4.07

(0.89 to 2.54)

 < 0.001

Senior

 − 0.07

 − 0.13

(− 1.17 to 1.03)

0.900

1.00

1.73

(− 0.13 to 2.12)

0.083

1.27

2.20

(0.14 to 2.40)

0.028

Neighborhood

1.75

4.18

(0.93 to 2.57)

 < 0.001

1.77

4.23

(0.95 to 2.59)

 < 0.001

1.70

4.04

(0.87 to 2.52)

 < 0.001

Learning

1.87

3.50

(0.82 to 2.91)

 < 0.001

2.31

4.30

(1.26 to 3.37)

 < 0.001

1.65

3.03

(0.58 to 2.72)

0.002

Health

1.20

2.20

(0.13 to 2.28)

0.028

1.90

3.43

(0.81 to 2.98)

 < 0.001

1.74

3.14

(0.65 to 2.82)

0.002

Skills

2.18

3.90

(1.09 to 3.28)

 < 0.001

2.32

4.15

(1.22 to 3.41)

 < 0.001

1.95

3.46

(0.85 to 3.05)

 < 0.001

Paid Work

1.48

3.58

(0.67 to 2.29)

 < 0.001

0.61

1.43

(− 0.23 to 1.46)

0.152

0.64

1.49

(− 0.20 to 1.49)

0.136

  1. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to compare those who have each type of social participation to those who do not (control group)
  2. Crude Model: Each status of nine types of social participation was included. Model 1: Crude + sex and age
  3. Model 2: Model 1 + marital status, educational attainment, household income, BMI, IADL, drink and smoke
  4. Independent variables: nine types of social participation: volunteer groups (volunteer), sports groups or clubs (sports), hobby groups (hobby), senior citizen clubs (senior), neighborhood associations (neighborhood), learning or cultural groups (learning), long-term care prevention or health-promoting activity groups (health), activities to teach skills or pass on experiences to others (skills), and paid work (work)