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Table 1 Comparison of characteristics relative to daily drinking frequency

From: Alcohol drinking patterns have a positive association with cognitive function among older people: a cross-sectional study

  

Daily drinking frequency (per week)

 

Total

None

<1 day

1-6 days

Every day

Characteristic

(n = 1226)

(n = 680)

(n = 66)

(n = 165)

(n = 315)

p-value

  Age: 76 aged group, n (%)

743

(60.6)

385

(56.6)

43

(65.2)

114

(69.1)

201

(63.8)

<0.01

  Sex: Men, n (%)

594

(48.5)

220

(32.4)

29

(43.9)

94

(57.0)

251

(79.7)

<0.01

  Daily alcohol intake, n (%)

          

<0.01

  None

680

(55.8)

680

(100.0)

0

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

0

(0.0)

 

  Moderate

424

(34.8)

0

(0.0)

58

(93.5)

136

(82.9)

230

(73.5)

 

  Moderate to excessive

71

(5.8)

0

(0.0)

3

(4.8)

17

(10.4)

51

(16.3)

 

  Excessive

44

(3.6)

0

(0.0)

1

(1.6)

11

(6.7)

32

(10.2)

 

Beverage type, n (%)

  Beer

298

(24.3)

0

(0.0)

40

(60.6)

86

(52.1)

172

(54.6)

<0.01

  Japanese spirits

161

(13.1)

0

(0.0)

5

(7.6)

42

(25.5)

114

(36.2)

<0.01

  Sake

132

(10.8)

0

(0.0)

9

(13.6)

36

(21.8)

87

(27.6)

<0.01

  Wine

54

(4.4)

0

(0.0)

10

(15.2)

24

(14.5)

20

(6.3)

<0.01

  Whisky

32

(2.6)

0

(0.0)

1

(1.5)

7

(4.2)

24

(7.6)

<0.01a

  Non-daily drinking opportunity, n (%)

606

(50.1)

219

(32.5)

41

(62.1)

117

(71.3)

229

(74.8)

<0.01

  Current smoking, n (%)

77

(6.3)

35

(5.2)

3

(4.5)

10

(6.1)

29

(9.3)

0.09

  Stroke, n (%)

117

(9.6)

63

(9.3)

7

(10.6)

18

(10.9)

29

(9.2)

0.91

  Hypertension, n (%)

892

(73.3)

486

(72.1)

49

(75.4)

110

(67.1)

247

(78.7)

<0.05

  Diabetes mellitus, n (%)

214

(18.0)

123

(18.7)

14

(22.2)

32

(19.5)

45

(14.7)

0.33

  Dyslipidemia, n (%)

774

(64.4)

474

(70.9)

37

(57.8)

96

(58.9)

167

(54.8)

<0.01

  Atherosclerosis, n (%)

995

(81.2)

536

(78.8)

57

(86.4)

140

(84.8)

262

(83.4)

0.10

  WHO-5-J (≥ 13), n (%)

962

(78.8)

542

(79.9)

50

(76.9)

129

(78.2)

241

(77.0)

0.73

  Living alone, n (%)

288

(23.7)

197

(29.3)

9

(13.6)

41

(25.0)

41

(13.1)

<0.01

  Frequency of going out, n (%)

          

<0.05

  <1 time/week

82

(6.7)

43

(6.4)

10

(15.2)

9

(5.5)

20

(6.4)

 

  1–2 times/week

191

(15.7)

111

(16.4)

15

(22.7)

23

(14.0)

42

(13.4)

 

  3–4 times/week

278

(22.8)

154

(22.8)

11

(16.7)

46

(28.0)

67

(21.3)

 

  5–6 times/week

228

(18.7)

135

(20.0)

12

(18.2)

28

(17.1)

53

(16.9)

 

  Every day

440

(36.1)

232

(34.4)

18

(27.3)

58

(35.4)

132

(42.0)

 

  Education, n (%)

          

<0.05

  ≤9 years

294

(24.0)

169

(24.9)

13

(19.7)

32

(19.4)

80

(25.4)

 

  10–12 years

576

(47.1)

340

(50.1)

29

(43.9)

78

(47.3)

129

(41.0)

 

  ≥13 years

354

(28.9)

169

(24.9)

24

(36.4)

55

(33.3)

106

(33.7)

 

  Economic status, n (%)

          

0.30

  Not satisfied

220

(18.0)

129

(19.1)

10

(15.2)

37

(22.6)

44

(14.0)

 

  Neutral

748

(61.4)

405

(60.0)

41

(62.1)

98

(59.8)

204

(65.0)

 

  Satisfied

251

(20.6)

141

(20.9)

15

(22.7)

29

(17.7)

66

(21.0)

 

  MoCA-J score, mean (SD)

22.7

(3.9)

22.6

(4.0)

23.2

(3.6)

23.6

(3.7)

22.5

(3.7)

<0.05

  1. Notes: 76 and 86 aged groups included subjects 75–77 and 85–87 years old, respectively. The criteria for alcohol intake were defined as follows. For men, “Moderate” was >0 g and <40 g, “Moderate to Excessive” was ≥40 g and <60 g, and “Excessive” was ≥60 g. For women, the threshold values used were half as high as those used for men
  2. Abbreviations: SD standard deviation; WHO-5-J Japanese version of the WHO Five Well-Being Index; MoCA-J Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment
  3. p-values were based on chi-square tests for categorical variables and analysis of variance for continuous variables.
  4. ap-values were based on Fisher’s Exact test
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BMC Geriatrics

ISSN: 1471-2318

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