Table 2 Results for ANOVA models (adjusted with age, sex, and body mass index), representing differences in UEF motor score and baseline HR and HR dynamics. A significant difference is identified by the asterisk
Parameters | Non-frail (n = 12) | Pre-frail (n = 40) | Frail (n = 4) | p-value (effect size) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
UEF motor score, 0–1 (SD) | 0.32 (0.18) | 0.52 (0.24) | 0.53 (0.03) | 0.04* (0.49) |
HR baseline | ||||
 HR mean, BPM (SD) | 71.52 (11.38) | 76.56 (14.69) | 97.86 (26.34) | 0.23 (0.41) |
 RR mean, second (SD) | 0.86 (0.13) | 0.81 (0.14) | 0.72 (0.19) | 0.26 (0.24) |
 RR CV, % (SD) | 1.70 (1.39) | 1.60 (1.56) | 1.33 (0.42) | 0.93 (0.06) |
 RMSSD, millisecond | 16.80 (18.14) | 16.26 (15.39) | 11.18 (1.36) | 0.90 (0.09) |
HR dynamics | ||||
 Time to peak HR, second (SD) | 16.84 (6.46) | 16.00 (5.42) | 17.32 (8.25) | 0.49 (0.08) |
 HR recovery time, second (SD) | 13.71 (6.22) | 14.10 (5.51) | 13.42 (9.02) | 0.54 (0.04) |
 HR percent increase, % (SD) | 19.28 (7.55) | 10.49 (4.93) | 8.24 (2.58) | < 0.001* (0.70) |
 HR percent decrease, % (SD) | 15.24 (7.65) | 8.28 (4.05) | 6.66 (3.09) | < 0.01* (0.62) |
 Absolute HR increase, BPM (SD) | 13.48 (5.38) | 7.79 (3.56) | 7.12 (2.53) | < 0.01* (0.62) |
 Absolute HR decrease, BPM (SD) | 13.04 (7.57) | 6.95 (3.51) | 6.29 (2.75) | < 0.01* (0.55) |