Table 1 Demographic information and clinical measures of participants. A significant difference is identified by the asterisk
Variables | Non-frail (n = 12) | Pre-frail(n = 40) | Frail (n = 4) | p-value (effect size) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Male, n (% of the group) | 5 (42%) | 8 (20%) | 2 (50%) | 0.20 |
Age, year (SD) | 76.92 (7.32) | 80.53 (8.12) | 88.25 (4.43) | 0.10 (0.55) |
Height, cm (SD) | 164.36 (9.13) | 164.91 (10.18) | 157.48 (9.95) | 0.97 (0.01) |
Weight, kg (SD) | 66.58 (14.69) | 77.33 (19.49) | 57.78 (10.18) | 0.15 (0.52) |
Body mass index, kg/m2 (SD) | 24.67 (5.55) | 28.20 (5.77) | 23.16 (2.01) | 0.10 (0.55) |
MMSE score, 0–30 (SD) | 29.67 (0.65) | 29.13 (1.38) | 29.25 (0.96) | 0.19 (0.50) |
MoCA score, 0–30 (SD) | 26.25 (3.08) | 25.03 (2.90) | 23.05 (1.00) | 0.15 (0.46) |
CCI score, 0–29 (SD) | 1.42 (1.78) | 3.79 (2.85) | 4.50 (3.70) | < 0.01* (1.02) |
PHQ-9 score, 0–27 (SD) | 0.42 (0.51) | 2.15 (2.86) | 4.25 (2.87) | 0.03* (0.93) |
Fried criteria, n (% of the group) |  |  |  | – |
  Weight loss | 0 | 0 (0%) | 1 (25%) |  |
  Weakness | 0 | 14 (35%) | 4 (100%) |  |
  Slowness | 0 | 32 (80%) | 2 (50%) |  |
  Exhaustion | 0 | 5 (13%) | 2 (50%) |  |
  Low energy | 0 | 5 (13%) | 3 (75%) |  |