Table 3 Physical Fitness between the control and T2DM groups
Control (N = 48) | T2DM (N = 78) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
Body Composition | |||
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.10 ± 3.15 | 25.73 ± 3.53 | 0.010* |
Muscle Strength | |||
Elbow flexor (non-dominant) (kg) | 17.25 ± 5.67 | 15.92 ± 6.63 | 0.250 |
Elbow flexor (dominant) (kg) | 17.23 ± 5.91 | 16.29 ± 6.98 | 0.436 |
Elbow extensor (non-dominant) (kg) | 9.82 ± 2.58 | 8.92 ± 3.22 | 0.105 |
Elbow extensor (dominant) (kg) | 9.69 ± 2.52 | 8.52 ± 2.78 | 0.019* |
Knee flexor (L) (kg) | 13.45 ± 5.52 | 11.11 ± 5.05 | 0.016* |
Knee flexor (R) (kg) | 14.16 ± 5.14 | 11.64 ± 5.13 | 0.009* |
Knee extensor (L) (kg) | 19.65 ± 5.42 | 17.87 ± 8.23 | 0.145 |
Knee extensor (R) (kg) | 19.08 ± 6.33 | 18.66 ± 9.20 | 0.768 |
Hip abductor (L) (kg) | 21.28 ± 11.20 | 17.67 ± 6.71 | 0.026* |
Hip abductor (R) (kg) | 20.14 ± 6.35 | 18.50 ± 7.27 | 0.201 |
Hip flexor (L) (kg) | 16.54 ± 4.87 | 14.30 ± 6.11 | 0.025* |
Hip flexor (R) (kg) | 17.96 ± 7.30 | 15.06 ± 6.10 | 0.018* |
Hip extensor (L) (kg) | 14.82 ± 5.54 | 13.87 ± 6.38 | 0.402 |
Hip extensor (R) (kg) | 15.16 ± 5.95 | 14.17 ± 6.99 | 0.421 |
Sit to stand (STS) (no. of stands) | 18.58 ± 5.32 | 15.08 ± 5.15 | < 0.001* |
Flexibility | |||
Back stretch (cm) | -4.86 ± 13.17 | -9.27 ± 13.54 | 0.076 |
Sit reach (L) (cm) | 4.27 ± 12.58 | 0.68 ± 10.94 | 0.095 |
Sit reach (R) (cm) | 4.52 ± 12.92 | 0.53 ± 11.79 | 0.079 |
Balance | |||
Single leg stand (s) | 22.26 ± 10.26 | 15.32 ± 10.61 | < 0.001* |
Up-and-go (s) | 5.45 ± 0.90 | 7.21 ± 2.77 | < 0.001* |
Aerobic Endurance | |||
2-min step (no. of steps) | 101.31 ± 19.25 | 87.61 ± 20.21 | < 0.001* |
6-min walk (m) | 531.46 ± 66.50 | 458.76 ± 103.25 | < 0.001* |