Table 4 Effects of prenatal and childhood variables on physical capability tests adjusted by adulthood variables
Variable | Coefficient (95% CI) | P | Adulthood variables included in the model | AdjustedR2 | N | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grip strength (kg) | Z score of weight for age at birth (S.D.) | 4.5 (0.6 to 8.4) | 0.027 | Phase angle, Depression score | 0.4633 | 29 | ||
Z score of head circumference at birth (S.D.) | 2.14 (0.77 to 3.51) | 0.012 | Sex, energy expenditure, pulse pressure, depression score | 0.9916 | 10 | |||
Prenatal family SES (The higher the value, the lower the status) | -0.44 (-0.75 to -0.14) | 0.005 | Sex, lean mass index, pulse pressure | 0.7894 | 72 | |||
Post-gestational maternal BMI (kg/m2) | 0.27 (0.01 to 0.53) | 0.040 | Sex, adult height, energy expenditure, phase angle, depression score | 0.8688 | 79 | |||
Prenatal paternal BMI at birth (kg/m2) | 0.31 (0.01 to 0.62) | 0.040 | Sex, adult height, lean mass index, pulse pressure, energy expenditure | 0.8673 | 75 | |||
Number of family members at birth | 0.67 (0.34 to 0.99) | < 0.001 | Sex, adult height, lean mass index, pulse pressure, energy expenditure | 0.8899 | 78 | |||
Increase in arm circumference from 3rd to 4th month (cm) | -1.17 (-2.24 to -0.1) | 0.033 | Sex, height, lean mass index, depression score, pulse pressure, energy expenditure | 0.8749 | 74 | |||
Z score of weight increase from birth to 6 months | -1 Z to < + 1 Z (vs < -1 Z) | -1.67 (-3.49 to 1.49) | 0.071 | Sex, height, lean mass index, energy expenditure, phase angle, pulse pressure, depression score | 0.8867 | 74 | ||
> + 1 Z (vs < -1 Z) | -2.78 (-5.39 to -1.75) | 0.037 | ||||||
Z score of head circumference increase from birth to 6 months | < -2 Z (vs -2 Z to + 1 Z) | -0.58 (-2.92 to 1.77) | 0.625 | Sex, height, lean mass index, energy expenditure, angle phase, pulse pressure, depression score | 0.893 | 74 | ||
> + 1Z (vs -2 Z to + 1 Z) | -3.19 (-5.27 to -1.11) | 0.003 | ||||||
Gait speed (cm/s) | Living in a nuclear (vs extended) family at birth | -11.06 (-21.75 to -0.37) | 0.0427 | Right leg length, foot width, BMI, diabetes mellitus, MMSE result, blood uric acid | 0.2906 | 80 | ||
Weaning age (months) | 0.55 (0.02 to 1.07) | 0.0423 | Sex, right leg length, knee height, BMI, grip strength, blood uric acid, resting diastolic blood pressure, resting respiratory rate | 0.4958 | 61 | |||
Prenatal father's education level (years) | 1.5 (0.43 to 2.57) | 0.0067 | Sex, right leg length, foot width, BMI, grip strength, resting diastolic blood pressure, blood uric acid, diabetes mellitus, MMSE | 0.4902 | 76 | |||
Post-gestational Mother's BMI | < 19 kg/m2 (vs normal) | -32.86 (-62.43 to -3.28) | 0.0300 | Right leg length, knee height, grip strength, BMI, diabetes mellitus, blood uric acid | 0.3968 | 79 | ||
≥ 25 kg/m2 (vs normal) | -8.64 (-15.84 to -1.44) | 0.0193 | ||||||
Prenatal family's socioeconomic status | Medium (vs High) | -3.09 (-11.76 to 5.58) | 0.4786 | Sex, right leg length, knee height, foot width, grip strength, BMI, resting diastolic blood pressure, resting respiratory rate | 0.4331 | 72 | ||
Low (vs High) | -11.83 (-21.97 to -1.68) | 0.0231 | ||||||
Prenatal Mother's Height Z score | < -1.5 Z score (vs ≥ -1.5 to < 0 Z) | -13.78 (-22.87 to -4.69) | 0.0035 | Right leg length, grip strength, BMI, diabetes mellitus | 0.3415 | 79 | ||
≥ 0 Z score (vs ≥ -1.5 to < 0 Z) | -32.07 (-64.04 to -0.1) | 0.0493 | ||||||
Head circumference growth velocity from 0 to 6 months age (Z score) | < -2 Z score (vs -2 to < + 1 Z) | -16.75 (-27.32 to -6.18) | 0.0023 | Right leg length, foot width, BMI, resting diastolic blood pressure, resting respiratory rate | 0.3252 | 75 | ||
≥ + 1 Z score (vs -2 to < + 1 Z) | -13.5 (-22.96 to -4.05) | 0.0058 | ||||||
Chair stand test (stands/30 s) | Weaning age (months) | -0.12 (-0.21 to -0.03) | 0.0110 | Sex, adult height, frailty index | 0.2721 | 61 | ||