Fig. 4

Wealth equality/inequality in receiving assistance with ADLs (ordinate, y axis) versus national-level health system factors (abscissa, x axis). The wealth-related Erreygers’ concentration index (ECI) was standardised for age, sex, and the extent of ADL difficulties. The blue and red dashed lines represent the fit of wealth-related ECI and the national-level measure. The intersections of the blue and red lines are primarily towards the right, indicating that the changes came mostly from “low welfare” countries. Note that the abscissa (x axis coordinate) for a given country may differ before versus after the pandemic (see Methods)