Table 1 Descriptive statistics percentages stratified by sex and birth phases for the whole participants (n = 3,377) from KORA-Age 1 and KORA-Age 3

Sex

Male

47.8

47.8

49.2

48.1

46.5

46.3

0.76

Female

52.2

52.2

50.8

51.9

53.5

53.7

Age mean (SD)

MM = yes

68.1 (1.9)

68.1 (2.0)

68.2 (1.9)

0.325

70.1 (0.8)

66.9 (1.3)

70.7 (0.42)

68.5 (0.9)

65.9 (0.7)

0.750

MM = no

67.7 (1.9)

67.7 (1.9)

67.7 (1.9)

0.364

70.1 (0.7)

66.8 (1.2)

70.7 (0.4)

68.5 (0.9)

65.8 (0.7)

0.734

Education

Low

10.2

3.2

16.6

 < 0.001

16.5

11.6

5.6

5.4

6.7

 < 0.001

Middle

58.0

51.8

63.7

57.7

58.5

56.9

59.7

56.2

High

31.7

45.0

19.7

25.7

29.8

37.1

34.8

37.0

Alcohol consumption

Never or rare use

38.5

20.9

53.8

 < 0.001

38.6

37.1

38.2

40.9

36.7

0.038

Once a week

15.1

13.9

16.3

12.4

15.1

20.5

13.7

17.2

Daily use

46.7

65.1

29.8

49.0

47.8

41.3

44.9

45.8

Physical Activity

Active

66.8

69.2

64.6

0.005

64.5

66.6

63.6

67.1

71.3

0.072

Inactive

33.2

30.8

35.4

35.5

33.3

36.4

32.7

28.7

BMI

Underweight or normal weight

29.1

22.4

35.4

 < 0.001

26.9

27.5

32.9

29.9

32.5

 < 0.001

Pre obese

45.2

52.1

38.9

48.2

47.1

46.2

41.0

41.5

Obese class I

18.6

20.4

17.0

19.9

19.6

12.0

19.3

17.5

Obesity class II or III

6.2

4.4

7.9

4.2

5.3

6.7

8.4

8.0

Smoking behavior

Never

45.3

31.6

58

 < 0.001

55.9

45.4

43.8

39.7

39.0

 < 0.001

Active smoker

10.3

10.9

9.8

7.3

10.1

10.6

9.4

15.0

Former smoker

44.3

57.5

32.2

36.8

44.3

45.6

50.9

46.0

Cognitive status

Good

89.5

86.5

92.3

 < 0.001

84.8

90.8

86.2

92.0

91.5

 < 0.001

Mildly impaired

6.6

8.7

4.8

10.0

5.6

8.1

5.2

5.7

Impaired

2.1

2.8

1.5

3.0

2.3

2.8

1.4

1.2

Baseline Survey

S1

26.0

25.3

26.7

0.685

27.6

26.8

24.0

24.8

24.7

0.17

S2

23.5

23.4

23.6

21.1

25.0

25.1

23.2

22.5

S3

25.8

25.7

25.8

28.9

24.9

26.1

24.0

25.5

S4

24.7

25.6

24.0

22.4

23.2

24.7

28.0

27.3