Four different frailty models predict health outcomes in older patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Table 2 Comparison of adverse outcomes between frail and non-frail participants during follow-up

	Incidence Rate Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)		Incidence Rate Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)		Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)		Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)
	1-Year Acute exacerbation		1-Year Hospitalization		1-Year Death		Death during Full Follow Up^e
	Adjusted Model	P-value	Adjusted Model	P-value	Adjusted Model	P-value	Adjusted Model	P-value
Fried frailty phenotype
Non-frail	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Frail^a	1.81 (1.13, 2.99)	0.017^*	1.48 (1.10, 2.01)	0.011^*	5.28 (1.39, 20.1)	0.015^*	3.11 (1.30, 7.44)	0.011^*
Short Physical Performance Battery
Non-frail	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Frail^b	1.23 (0.76, 2.05)	0.409	1.21 (0.89, 1.67)	0.229	5.99 (1.24, 28.83)	0.026^*	3.74 (1.39, 10.06)	0.009^*
Clinical Frailty Scale
Non-frail	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Frail^c	1.79 (1.00, 3.38)	0.059	1.82 (1.25, 2.69)	0.002^*	11.32 (1.28, 100.17)	0.029^*	3.68 (1.03, 13.16)	0.046^*
Frailty Index of Accumulative Deficits
Non-frail	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Frail^d	1.69 (0.97, 3.05)	0.070	1.74 (1.22, 2.50)	0.003^*	14.53 (1.67, 126.37)	0.015^*	2.39 (0.82, 6.95)	0.110

Data presented are the estimated incidence rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals of the explanatory variables (1-year acute exacerbation and all-cause hospitalization) and hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of the explanatory variables (all-cause mortality). IRR and HR were both adjusted for age, sex, CCI, medication, GOLD severity, moderate-to-severe exacerbation history, and CAT
^a Frailty was defined as Fried Phenotype scores ≥3
^b Frailty was defined as Short Physical Performance Battery scores ≤6
^c Frailty was defined as Clinical Frailty Scale scores ≥5
^d Frailty was defined as Frailty Index of Accumulative Deficits > 0.25
^e the average follow-up time was 2.18 years (IQR: 1.56–2.62 years)
*P < 0.05

ISSN: 1471-2318