Associations of social isolation, social participation, and loneliness with frailty in older adults in Singapore: a panel data analysis

Table 3 Associations of social isolation, social participation, and loneliness with level of frailty with interaction terms

Social connection indicator	OR (95%CI)	p-value
LSNS-6 Family	1.03 (0.91—1.17)	0.614
LSNS-6 Family#female	1.03 (0.87—1.23)	0.697
LSNS-6 Friends	0.99 (0.89—1.11)	0.904
LSNS-6 Friends#female	0.99 (0.85—1.15)	0.863
Social participation	0.96 (0.91 – 1.00)	0.065
Social participation#female	1.01 (0.95—1.08)	0.642
Lonely (Ref: Not lonely)	1.39 (1.02—1.89)	0.036
Lonely (Ref: Not lonely)#female	0.80 (0.53—1.21)	0.294

Number of observations: 782; number of individuals: 282. Adjusted for all time-invariant factors; time-variant demographic factors including age, marital status, employment status and living arrangement lifestyle and health-related factors including current smoking status, alcohol misuse, number of chronic conditions, number of long-term medications, current nutritional status, and functional independence. OR: odds ratio; 95%CI: 95% confidence interval

ISSN: 1471-2318