Living arrangement modifies the associations of loneliness with adverse health outcomes in older adults: evidence from the CLHLS

Table 5 Modification of the Effect of Loneliness on Frailty by Living Arrangement

	No Loneliness		Loneliness		Odds Ratio (95% CI) for the Association Between Loneliness and Frailty Within Each Stratum of Living Arrangement
	N With/Without Frailty	Odds Ratio (95% CI)	N With/Without Frailty	Odds Ratio (95% CI)
Cross-sectional Analyses ^a
Total Sample ^c	1770/7396	1.0 (reference)	1444/3128	1.40 (1.25–1.56) P < 0.001	–
NLA	1633/6420	1.0 (reference)	1215/2146	1.39 (1.24–1.57) P < 0.001	1.39 (1.24–1.57) P < 0.001
LA	137/976	0.47 (0.37–0.60) P < 0.001	229/982	0.66 (0.53–0.81) P < 0.001	1.42 (1.07–1.90) P = 0.017
Longitudinal Analyses ^b
Total Sample ^c	1110/3730	1.0 (reference)	493/1241	1.20 (0.99–1.46) P = 0.067	–
NLA	970/3282	1.0 (reference)	346/816	1.21 (0.97–1.51) P = 0.090	1.20 (0.96–1.50) P = 0.103
LA	140/448	0.85 (0.60–1.21) P = 0.373	147/425	0.99 (0.70–1.41) P = 0.969	1.08 (0.73–1.60) P = 0.715

Note. NLA, not living alone; LA, living alone
^a Measure of effect modification on multiplicative scale: OR (95% CI) = 1.00 (0.74–1.36), P = 0.989. Adjusted for age, gender, race, marital status, residence, occupation, education, BMI, smoking, alcohol drinking, living preference, socioeconomic status, dietary habits, social/leisure activity score, physical exercise, comorbidities (≥2). Poor self-rated health, poor interviewer-rated health, hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, serious illness in the past 2 years, hearing problem, visual impairment, cognitive impairment, and functional limitation were not adjusted as they were included in the calculation of FI score
^b Measure of effect modification on multiplicative scale: OR (95% CI) = 0.96 (0.61–1.51), P = 0.863. For 10,524 participants without frailty at baseline. Adjusted for age, gender, race, occupation, education, and changes in marital status, residence, BMI, smoking, alcohol drinking, socioeconomic status, dietary habits, social/leisure activity score, physical exercise, and comorbidity number from 2008/2009 to 2011/2012
^c Living arrangements were also adjusted

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