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Table 1 Descriptive statistics of study participants

From: The relationship between lifestyle risk factors and depression in Korean older adults: a moderating effect of gender

Variable

Men

(n = 1622)

Women

(n = 2078)

Total

(n = 3700)

p value

Age (years), mean (SD)

72.5 (5.0)

72.5 (5.0)

72.6 (5.0)

0.356

Body mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD)

23.7 (2.9)

24.5 (3.3)

24.1 (3.1)

<  0.001

Income (10,000 won/month), mean (SD)

243 (258)

202 (239)

220 (249)

<  0.001

Education, n (%)

   

<  0.001

 Lower than elementary

515 (31.8)

1411 (67.9)

1926 (52.1)

 

 Middle/high

787 (45.8)

556 (26.8)

1343 (36.3)

 

 College or higher

320 (19.7)

111 (5.3)

431 (11.6)

 

Marital status, n (%)

   

0.788

 Unmarried

12 (0.7)

18 (0.8)

29 (0.8)

 

 Married

1610 (99.3)

2061 (99.2)

3671 (99,2)

 

Past/current smoking, n (%)

1279 (78.9)

108 (5.2)

1387 (37.5)

<  0.001

At-risk alcohol consumption, n (%)

177 (10.9)

34 (1.6)

211 (5.7)

<  0.001

Physical inactivity, n (%)

1404 (41.7)

1963 (58.3)

3367 (91.0)

<  0.001

Nutritional inadequacy, n (%)

803 (49.5)

1359 (65.4)

2162 (58.4)

<  0.001

Dietary intakes

 Caloric intake (kcal/day), mean (SD)

1956.7 (733.4)

1465.2 (587.9)

1680.6 (699.5)

<  0.001

 CHO intake (g/day), mean (SD)

328.1 (124.9)

266.2 (108.9)

293.3 (120.2)

<  0.001

 Fat intake (g/day), mean (SD)

31.2 (24.4)

22.4 (18.3)

26.3 (21.7)

<  0.001

 Protein (g/day), mean (SD)

65.0 (31.8)

47.1 (24.1)

54.9 (29.2)

<  0.001

 Vitamin A (μgRAE/day), mean (SD)

340.5 (329.2)

268.6 (257.5)

299.8 (292.9)

<  0.001

 Vitamin C (mg/day), mean (SD)

74.4 (84.9)

65.7 (76.2)

69.5 (80.2)

0.001

 Thiamine (mg/day), mean (SD)

1.5 (0.8)

1.2 (0.6)

1.3 (0.7)

<  0.001

 Riboflavin (mg/day), mean (SD)

1.3 (0.8)

1.0 (0.6)

1.1 (0.7)

<  0.001

 Niacin (mg/day), mean (SD)

13.2 (7.0)

9.5 (5.4)

11.1 (6.4)

<  0.001

 Phosphorus (mg/day), mean (SD)

1049.8 (470.0)

786.0 (378.9)

901.7 (441.1)

<  0.001

 Calcium (mg/day), mean (SD)

498.6 (341.6)

384.0 (276.8)

434.2 (312.1)

<  0.001

 Iron (mg/day), mean (SD)

14.7 (10.3)

11.3 (9.1)

12.8 (9.8)

<  0.001

 PHQ-9 score, mean (SD)

2.0 (3.5)

3.4 (4.6)

2.8 (4.2)

<  0.001

 Depression, n (%)

68 (4.2)

209 (10.1)

277 (7.5)

<  0.001

Number of comorbidities, n (%)

   

< .0001

 0

380 (23.4)

268 (12.9)

648 (17.5)

 

 1

529 (32.6)

564 (27.1)

1093 (29.5)

 

  > 2

713 (44.0)

1246 (60.0)

1959 (52.9)

 
  1. PHQ Patient Health Questionnaire
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