Table 1 Descriptive and univariate analyses of factors associated with PDI-drug consumption in drivers

Sub-cohorts

0 (0)

<  0.001

 Chronic pain

33.37 (595)

28.37 (400)

52.28 (195)

 Atrial fibrillation

33.82 (603)

36.88 (520)

22.25 (83)

 Type 2 diabetes

32.81 (585)

34.75 (490)

25.47 (95)

Males

0 (0)

65.51 (1168)

68.94 (972)

52.55 (196)

<  0.001

Age, M (SD)

0 (0)

75.88 (5.78)

75.98 (5.74)

75.52 (5.93)

0.254

Apparent age

0.28 (5)

0.010

  < Chronological age

23.84 (425)

24.89 (351)

19.84 (74)

  = Chronological age

68.93 (1229)

68.65 (968)

69.97 (261)

  > Chronological age

6.95 (124)

6.17 (87)

9.92 (37)

BMI, M (SD)

3.48 (62)

28.18 (4.76)

28.17 (4.67)

28.22 (5.09)

0.793

eGFR, M (SD)

0.18 (328)

73.64 (20.43)

73.83 (20.17)

72.91 (21.39)

0.472

Smoking status

0.45 (8)

0.185

 Never

63.15 (1126)

62.34 (879)

66.22 (247)

 Former

32.25 (575)

33.26 (469)

28.42 (106)

 Current

4.15 (74)

3.97 (56)

4.83 (18)

Alcohol consumption

1.12 (20)

36.34 (648)

37.73 (532)

31.10 (116)

0.019

Living area

0 (0)

0.653

 Rural or semi-rural

56.25 (1003)

56.52 (797)

55.23 (206)

 Urban

43.75 (780)

43.48 (613)

44.77 (167)

Social lifestyle

0 (0)

<  0.001

 Alone at home

25.86 (461)

22.77 (321)

37.53 (140)

 Accompanied at home

73.75 (1315)

76.81 (1083)

62.20 (232)

 Assisted living facility

0.39 (7)

0.43 (6)

0.27 (1)

Achievement ≥ 9th Grade

1.51 (27)

63.99 (1141)

64.47 (909)

62.20 (232)

0.524

Work history

0.62 (11)

90.91 (1621)

91.77 (1294)

87.67 (327)

0.010

ADL score, M (SD)

0.34 (6)

5.94 (0.25)

5.95 (0.19)

5.87 (0.38)

<  0.001

IADL score, M (SD)

0.28 (5)

3.91 (0.47)

3.92 (0.44)

3.86 (0.54)

0.002

Financial or logistical supports

0.17 (3)

90.24 (1609)

90.28 (1273)

90.08 (336)

0.958

Paramedical assistance

1.18 (21)

36.68 (654)

33.69 (475)

47.99 (179)

<  0.001

Arterial disease

0.39 (7)

19.07 (340)

18.65 (263)

20.64 (77)

0.360

Atrial fibrillation

0.28 (5)

39.37 (702)

42.34 (597)

28.15 (105)

<  0.001

High blood pressure

0.11 (2)

77.96 (1390)

78.87 (1112)

74.53 (278)

0.065

Heart failure

1.18 (21)

0.202

 No

88.67 (1581)

88.51 (1248)

89.28 (333)

 Mild to moderate heart failure, NYHA I-II

7.40 (132)

7.80 (110)

5.90 (22)

 Severe heart failure, NYHA III-IV

2.75 (49)

2.48 (35)

3.75 (14)

MMSE score

15.14 (270)

0.040

 Probable moderate to severe cognitive impairment, <  24

4.88 (87)

4.47 (63)

6.43 (24)

 Probable mild cognitive impairment, [24–27]

14.47 (258)

13.55 (191)

17.96 (67)

 No cognitive impairment, ≥ 27

65.51 (1168)

66.24 (934)

62.73 (234)

Parkinson’s disease

0.39 (7)

0.73 (13)

0.21 (3)

2.68 (10)

<  0.001

History of severe stroke

0.45 (8)

2.02 (36)

1.84 (26)

2.68 (10)

0.310

Probable clinical depression (GDS-15 score ≥ 10)

22.27 (397)

4.99 (89)

4.33 (61)

7.51 (28)

0.007

History of depressive disorder

0.06 (1)

17.33 (309)

10.92 (154)

41.55 (155)

<  0.001

Thyroid dysfunction

1.29 (23)

10.54 (188)

9.57 (135)

14.21 (53)

0.011

Type 2 diabetes

0.28 (5)

43.02 (767)

45.18 (637)

34.85 (130)

<  0.001

History of severe hypoglycaemia

1.35 (24)

0.62 (11)

0.50 (7)

1.07 (4)

0.259

Sleep apnea

0.39 (7)

4.82 (86)

4.61 (65)

5.63 (21)

0.417

Pulmonary chronic obstructive disease or fibrosis

0.39 (7)

8.69 (155)

8.23 (116)

10.46 (39)

0.177

History of fall

0.73 (13)

6.62 (118)

5.25 (74)

11.80 (44)

<  0.001

Arthropathy

0.22 (4)

46.83 (835)

42.62 (601)

62.73 (234)

<  0.001

Chronic pain

0.17 (3)

54.23 (967)

48.51 (684)

75.87 (283)

<  0.001

Polypharmacy

0 (0)

57.82 (1031)

52.06 (734)

79.62 (297)

<  0.001