Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of Study Participants absence of Depressive Symptoms at baseline

Age (y)

66.0 ± 5.5

67.3 ± 5.6^a

72.4 ± 6.5^a,b

71.4 ± 6.3^a,b

<0.001

Sex (Male)

314(49.4)

48(27.6)^a

19(30.2)^a

5(20.0)^a

<0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

25.39 ± 3.30

26.02 ± 3.64^a

22.68 ± 3.11^a,b

22.51 ± 2.71^a,b

<0.001

Grip strength (kg)

26.51 ± 9.53

23.32 ± 9.25^a

16.04 ± 6.32^a,b

16.52 ± 8.03^a,b

<0.001

SMI (kg/m²)

7.31 ± 1.01

7.08 ± 1.09

5.43 ± 0.91^a,b

5.43 ± 0.56^a,b

<0.001

Gait speed (m/s)

1.01 ± 0.17

0.96 ± 0.16^a

0.85 ± 0.19^a,b

0.77 ± 0.22^a,b

<0.001

IPAQ (Met/wk)

2142(924,4147)

1848(693,4186)

2079(1386,3066)

1038(0,4697)

0.732

Widowed (%)

76(12.0)

26(14.9)^a

21(33.3)^b

6(24.0)

0.001

Living alone (%)

90(14.2)

21(12.1)

16(25.4)

5(20.0)

0.253

Illiteracy (%)

152(24.0)

45(25.9)

28(44.4)^a

7(28.0)

0.006

Farming (%)

559(88.2)

156(89.7)

57(90.5)

22(88.0)

0.911

Fall history (%)

84(13.2)

25(14.4)

12(19.0)

8(32.0)

0.044

Drinking (%)

90(14.2)

12(6.9)^a

8(12.7)

0(0.0)

0.002

Smoking (%)

180(28.4)

47(27.2)

22(34.9)

10(40.0)

0.326

MNA-SF

13.06 ± 1.12

13.15 ± 0.90

12.19 ± 1.74^a,b

12.08 ± 1.58^a,b

< 0.001

Sleep Duration (h)

7.87 ± 1.32

8.12 ± 1.47

8.39 ± 1.30^a

8.36 ± 2.33

0.005

Sleep quality (%)

0.003

 Very well

339(53.4)

65(37.6)^a

29(46.0)

7(28.0)

 Good

186(29.3)

61(35.3)

20(31.7)

9(36.0)

 Not enough

56(8.5)

20(11.6)

6(9.5)

6(24.0)

 Very poor

54(8.5)

27(15.6)

8(12.7)

3(12.0)

  Hypotensive drugs

222(35.0)

88(50.6)^a

21(33.3)^b

10(40.0)

< 0.001

  Hypoglycemic drugs

41(6.5)

27(15.5)^a

4(6.3)^b

3(12.0)

< 0.001

  Lipid-lowering drugs

78(12.3)

19(10.9)

2(3.2)

3(12.0)

0.237

  Cardiovascular drugs

2(0.3)

102(58.6)^a

3(4.8)^b

11(44.0)^a,c

< 0.001

  Gastrointestinal drugs

16(2.5)

3(1.7)

3(4.8)

1(4.0)

0.382

  Sleep drugs

34(5.4)

24(13.8)^a

7(11.1)

5(20.0)^a

<0.001

 Diabetes

66(10.4)

30(17.2)

14(22.2)

6(24.0)^a,b

0.003

 Hypertension

320(50.4)

116(66.7)^a

29(46.0)^b

17(68.0)

< 0.001

 Hyperlipidemia

236(37.2)

80(46.0)

11(17.5)^a,b

11(44.0)

0.001

 Stroke

36(5.7)

15(8.6)

6(9.5)

3(12.0)

0.257

 Kidney disease

24(3.8)

10(5.7)

2(3.2)

1(4.0)

0.684

 Hepatic disease

11(1.7)

2(1.1)

0(0.0)

2(8.0)

0.059

 Biliary tract disease

19(3.0)

10(5.7)

4(6.3)

2(8.0)

0.164

 Peptic ulcer

22(3.5)

12(6.9)

4(6.3)

2(8.0)

0.160

 Osteoarthritis

82(12.9)

33(19.0)

8(12.7)

4(16.0)

0.231

 Parkinson disease

2(0.3)

1(0.6)

0(0.0)

1(4.0)

0.316

 Gout

3(0.5)

2(1.1)

0(0.0)

0(0.0)

0.642

 CCI

2.45 ± 0.76

3.63 ± 0.76^a

3.24 ± 0.88^a,b

4.32 ± 1.31^a,b,c

< 0.001