Persistent polypharmacy and fall injury risk: the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study

BMC Geriatrics

Table 2 Adjusted hazard ratios of persistent polypharmacy and FRID on fall injury in the primary analysis

	Model 1		Model 2
	HR (95% CI)	p-value	HR (95% CI)	p-value
PP vs. non-PP	1.31(1.06,1.63)	0.014
Joint-effect of PP and FRID use (reference: Non-PP without FRID use)
PP with FRID use			1.48(1.10,2.00)	0.010
PP without FRID use			1.22(0.93,1.60)	0.155
Non-PP with FRID use			1.08(0.77,1.51)	0.659
Body mass index, per 1 kg/m²	0.98(0.96,1.00)	0.060	0.98(0.96,1.00)	0.061
Age, per 1 year	1.03(1.00,1.07)	0.046	1.03(1.00,1.07)	0.048
Women vs. men	2.09(1.71,2.56)	<.0001	2.08(1.70,2.54)	<.0001
Blacks vs. whites	0.64(0.51,0.79)	<.0001	0.64(0.51,0.80)	<.0001
Pittsburgh site vs. Memphis site	1.54(1.27,1.87)	<.0001	1.55(1.27,1.88)	<.0001
Fall history vs. no history	1.29(1.05,1.59)	0.015	1.29(1.05,1.59)	0.017
1.4 g Monofilament insensitivity	1.22(1.01,1.47)	0.040	1.22(1.01,1.47)	0.042

Education (<high school (HS), HS graduate, or postsecondary), self-reported physical activity (kcal/kg per week spent walking, climbing stairs and exercise), self-reported smoking status (current, past, never), alcohol > 1 drink/week, self-reported cardiovascular diseases, poor vision, knee pain for > 1 month, leg pain when walking, diagnosed and/or treated hypertension and diabetes, CES-D score, Modified Mini-Mental State Examination (3MSE) scores, cystatin C level > 1 mg/dL, gait speed over 6 m were added to the model in a stepwise manner and subsequently removed at a P > 0.10
FRID Fall risk increasing drugs, PP Persistent polypharmacy

ISSN: 1471-2318