Table 1 The effect outcomes of group, hand dominance, and manual precision tasks on strength performance and strength-stability control
From: The impact of aging and reaching movements on grip stability control during manual precision tasks
Variables | Strength performance | Strength-stability control | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Grip force (kg) | CV (%) | Deviation error (kg) | Absolute error (kg) | Force-stability index (%) | |||||
|  | M ± SD | t (p)/F(p)/Scheffe post-hoc | M ± SD | t (p)/F(p)/Scheffe post-hoc | M ± SD | t (p)/F(p)/Scheffe post-hoc | M ± SD | t (p)/F(p)/Scheffe post-hoc | M ± SD | t (p)/F(p)/Scheffe post-hoc |
Group |  | 8.746 (< 0.001)** |  | −10.263 (< 0.001)** |  | 8.824 (< 0.001)** |  | 0.258 (0.796) |  | −10.338 (< 0.001)** |
 Young | 2.24 ± 0.42 |  | 7.86 ± 4.73 |  | 0.25 ± 0.43 |  | 0.36 ± 0.34 |  | 10.52 ± 7.92 |  |
 Older adult | 1.93 ± 0.46 |  | 13.99 ± 9.56 |  | −0.06 ± 0.46 |  | 0.35 ± 0.30 |  | 19.85 ± 14.00 |  |
Hand dominance |  | 0.517 (0.605) |  | −0.614 (0.540) |  | 0.678 (0.498) |  | −0.702 (0.483) |  | −0.560 (0.575) |
 Non-Dominant | 2.09 ± 0.46 |  | 10.84 ± 7.53 |  | 0.09 ± 0.47 |  | 0.35 ± 0.33 |  | 15.09 ± 12.79 |  |
 Dominant | 2.07 ± 0.47 |  | 11.25 ± 8.85 |  | 0.07 ± 0.47 |  | 0.37 ± 0.31 |  | 16.65 ± 11.99 |  |
Manual precision task |  | 3.893 (p = 0.021)* |  | 14.152 (p < 0.001)** |  | 3.967 (0.019)* |  | 10.380 (< 0.001)** |  | 52.498 (< 0.001)** |
 1. Stationary condition | 2.09 ± 0.38 | 3 < 2 (p = 0.025)* | 8.64 ± 11.02 | 1 < 2 (p < 0.001)** 1 < 3 (p < 0.001)** | 0.10 ± 0.40 | 3 < 2 (p = 0.028)* | 0.28 ± 0.31 | 1 < 2 (p = 0.005)** 1 < 3 (p < 0.001)** | 8.82 ± 9.88 | 1 < 2 (p < 0.001)** 1 < 3 (p < 0.001)** |
 2. Forward-reach condition | 2.13 ± 0.48 | 12.02 ± 5.29 | 0.13 ± 0.48 | 0.38 ± 0.32 | 17.59 ± 12.33 | |||||
 3. Backward-reach condition | 2.01 ± 0.52 | 12.49 ± 6.69 | 0.01 ± 0.52 | 0.41 ± 0.31 | 19.69 ± 12.05 | |||||